【C语言】结构体

结构体的定义

语法

struct 标签名
{
	类型名1 成员变量1;
	类型名2 成员变量2;
	类型名3 成员变量3;
	......

}结构体变量列表名;

• 结构体类型名指的是struct 标签名
• 在结构体变量列表中，多个变量之间用,分隔

方式一

有标签名，有变量名

struct Book
{
	int  id;
	char title[50];
	char author[50];
	char subject[100];
	
}book; //使用book={100,"C语言","谭浩强","C语言基础知识"};可以在定义的同时进行结构体变量初始化

• 定义好结构体的同时，声明了结构体变量，需要结构体变量时可以再声明

方式二

无标签名

struct
{
	int  id;
	char title[50];
	char author[50];
	char subject[100];
	
}book={100,"C语言","谭浩强","C语言基础知识"};//因为无法再声明变量，所以定义结构体时就要声明变量

• 结构体变量仅限于已定义的，不可以再声明其他的结构体变量

方式三

无变量名

struct Book
{
	int  id;
	char title[50];
	char author[50];
	char subject[100];
	
};

• 需要结构体变量时再声明

typedef为结构体类型定义别名

有标签，有别名

typedef struct Book
{
	int  id;
	char title[50];
	char author[50];
	char subject[100];
	
}Book;//这里的Book相当于struct Book,而不是变量名。

//使用方法
Book book = {100,"C语言","谭浩强","C语言基础知识"};

• 可以使用Book 变量名 来声明结构体变量，缺点是不可以在定义时声明结构体变量

无标签

typedef struct
{
	int  id;
	char title[50];
	char author[50];
	char subject[100];
	
}Book;//这里的Book相当于struct,而不是变量名。

//使用方法
Book book = {100,"C语言","谭浩强","C语言基础知识"};

• 可以使用Book 变量名 来声明结构体变量，缺点是不可以在定义时声明结构体变量

无别名

typedef struct Book
{
	int  id;
	char title[50];
	char author[50];
	char subject[100];

};

//使用方法
struct Book book = { 100,"C语言","谭浩强","C语言基础知识" };

结构体变量

定义与初始化

定义结构体时声明结构体变量

struct Book
{
	int  id;
	char title[50];
	char author[50];
	char subject[100];
	
}book = {100,"C语言","谭浩强","C语言基础知识"};

定义结构体后声明结构体变量

#include "stdio.h"
struct Book
{
	int  id;
	char title[50];
	char author[50];
	char subject[100];
	
};
int main(){
	//c中的声明方式 
	struct Book book = {100,"C语言","谭浩强","C语言基础知识"};
	//c++中的支持的声明方式
	//struct Book book = {100,"C语言","谭浩强","C语言基础知识"};
	//Book book = {100,"C语言","谭浩强","C语言基础知识"};
	printf("ID号：%d\n书名：%s\n作者：%s\n主题：%s\n",book.id,book.title,book.author,book.subject);//引用结构体变量中的成员变量
}

输入与输出

#include "stdio.h"
struct Book
{
	int  id;
	char star;
	char title[50];
	char author[50];
	char subject[100];
};

int main(){

	struct Book book;
	scanf("%d %c %s %s %s",&book.id,&book.star,book.title,book.author,book.subject);
	printf("ID号：%d\n星级：%c\n书名：%s\n作者：%s\n主题：%s\n",book.id,book.star,book.title,book.author,book.subject);

}

结构体数组

定义和初始化

定义时初始化数组

struct Student
{
	unsigned num;
	char name[20];
	char sex;
	int age;
	float score;
	char address[50];
	
}stu[3]={
		 {950201,"Zhangjun",'M',20,85.0,"Beijing"},
		 {950202,"Wanghai",'M',19,70.0,"Shanghai"},
		 {950203,"wangwei",'F',20,88.0,"Wuhan"}
};

定义后再初始化数组

#include "stdio.h"
struct Student
{
	unsigned num;
	char name[20];
	char sex;
	int age;
	float score;
	char address[50];
}stu[3];

int main(){
	struct Student stu[3]={
		 {950201,"Zhangjun",'M',20,85.0,"Beijing"},
		 {950202,"Wanghai",'M',19,70.0,"Shanghai"},
		 {950203,"wangwei",'F',20,88.0,"Wuhan"}
	};
}

输入和输出

#include "stdio.h"
struct Student
{
	unsigned num;
	char name[20];
	char sex;
	int age;
	float score;
	char address[50];
};

int main(){
	struct Student stu[3]={
		 {950201,"Zhangjun",'M',20,85.0,"Beijing"},
		 {950202,"Wanghai",'M',19,70.0,"Shanghai"},
		 {950203,"wangwei",'F',20,88.0,"Wuhan"}
	};
	
	for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
		scanf("%d %s %c %d %f %s",&stu[i].num,stu[i].name,&stu[i].sex,&stu[i].age,&stu[i].score,stu[i].address);
	}
	
	for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
		printf("%d %s %c %d %f %s\n",stu[j].num,stu[j].name,stu[j].sex,stu[j].age,stu[j].score,stu[j].address);
	}	
}

结构体操作

结构体变量之间的赋值

#include "stdio.h"
struct Student
{
	unsigned num;
	char name[20];
	char sex;
	int age;
	float score;
	char address[50];
};

int main(){
	struct Student stu[3]={
		 {950201,"Zhangjun",'M',20,85.0,"Beijing"},
		 {950202,"Wanghai",'M',19,70.0,"Shanghai"},
		 {950203,"wangwei",'F',20,88.0,"Wuhan"}
	};
	struct Student student1,student2,student3,students;
	student1 = stu[0];//支持同一结构体类型变量之间的赋值 
	student2 = stu[1];
	student3 = stu[2];
	//students = stu;//不支持同一结构体类型数组之间的直接赋值
	
	printf("%d %s %c %d %f %s\n",student1.num,student1.name,student1.sex,student1.age,student1.score,student1.address);
	printf("%d %s %c %d %f %s\n",student2.num,student2.name,student2.sex,student2.age,student2.score,student2.address);
	printf("%d %s %c %d %f %s\n",student3.num,student3.name,student3.sex,student3.age,student3.score,student3.address);	
}

多维结构体

#include "stdio.h"
struct Date
{
	int year;
	int month;
	int day;
	
};

struct Student
{
	unsigned num;
	char name[20];
	char sex;
	struct Date birthday;

};

int main(){
	struct Student stu = {1000,"Zhangjun",'M',{1999,10,9}};
	printf("%d %s %c %d %d %d\n",stu.num,stu.name,stu.sex,stu.birthday.year,stu.birthday.month,stu.birthday.day);
}