德姆塞茨论文《SOME ASPECTS OF PROPERTY RIGHT》中英翻译

SOME ASPECTS OF PROPERTY RIGHTS财产权的一些方面

HAROLD DEMSETZ哈罗德·德姆塞茨

The tradition in microeconomic theory is to take wants and technology as givens and to proceed from these to deduce from the assumption of scarcity testable implications and normative propositions.微观经济理论的传统是将需求和技术视为既定条件，并从这些条件出发，依据稀缺性假设推导出可检验的含义和规范性命题。

These assumptions, together with variety in tastes and abilities and differences in the number of rivals, give rise to most economic laws.这些假设，加上口味和能力的多样性以及竞争者数量的差异，构成了大多数经济定律。

In this way, laws such as those that relate to demand, comparative advantage, equalization of factor returns, and the relationship of price to cost are deduced.
通过这种方式，推导出了与需求、比较优势、要素回报均衡以及价格与成本关系相关的定律。

The role of property rights is not explicitly dealt with in this approach.在这种方法中，财产权的作用并未被明确处理。

But imbedded in the whole process is a third class of given datum.但在整个过程中，嵌入了第三类既定数据。

There must be assumed a set of social arrangements which define ownership.必须假设一套定义所有权的社会安排。

In this paper, I will examine some aspects of property rights that bear both on issues to which we have been led by the traditional approach and to some which we have ignored because property rights have not been treated explicitly.
在本文中，我将探讨与财产权相关的一些方面，这些方面既涉及传统方法引导我们讨论的问题，也涉及因财产权未被明确对待而被忽视的问题。

An example will make clear the necessity of assumptions about social arrangements.
一个例子可以明确说明关于社会安排假设的必要性。

Consider the two economic laws which state that (1) demand curves are negatively sloped and that (2) queues will tend to be eliminated by a price that is free to fluctuate.
考虑以下两个经济定律：（1）需求曲线是负斜率的；（2）价格自由浮动时，排队现象会趋于消除。

The first law is true even if ownership does not include the right to buy or sell; it does not even depend on the existence of exchange.即使所有权不包括买卖的权利，第一个定律仍然成立；它甚至不依赖于交换的存在。

Thus, from the first law it follows that an increase in the unpleasantness of my neighbor (an increase in the price of association) will diminish the frequency of my visits.
因此，根据第一个定律，可以得出结论：邻居的不愉快程度增加（即交往成本的增加）会减少我拜访的频率。

Nothing is bought or sold but the law holds true.没有任何物品被买卖，但该定律依然成立。

The second law holds true generally only when the right to sell is included in ownership.
第二个定律通常只有在所有权包含出售权时才成立。

And this is so for nontautological reasons.
这是因为非重言式的原因。

Queues usually do exist for the use of public parking at zoos, beaches, etc., on popular holidays when no freely fluctuating price is charged for the use of facilities.
在受欢迎的假期里，公园、海滩等公共停车场通常会排队，因为使用设施没有自由浮动的价格。

Of course, the trouble and delay associated with waiting for parking will limit the length of queue and the hotter the day the shorter the queue will tend to be; this is a reflection of the law of negatively sloped demand.
当然，等候停车的麻烦和延误会限制排队的长度，天气越热，排队时间越短；这反映了负斜率需求定律。

But the queue, which can be either of demanders or suppliers, is not generally reduced to insignificance by the heat of the day.
但这种排队，无论是需求方还是供应方，通常不会因为天气炎热而减少到无足轻重的程度。

And therein lies a difference between the economic laws that prevail when ownership includes right of sale and when it does not.
这就构成了当所有权包含销售权与不包含销售权时，所适用的经济定律之间的差异。

When sale is included, the price will tend to rise and the length of queue will tend to be reduced.
当包含销售权时，价格往往会上升，排队长度会减少。

Self-interest and the relatively small cost of most price adjustments assure this.
自利以及大多数价格调整的相对低成本保证了这一点。

Methods other than relying on the heat of the day or on the height of price can be used to reduce queues.
除了依赖当天的炎热或价格的高低之外，还可以使用其他方法来减少排队。

Entry into public parking places can be made more or less difficult; directions on how to get there can be hidden from sight or placed in prominent positions, etc.
进入公共停车场的难度可以调整；如何到达那里的指示牌可以隐藏或放置在显眼的位置，等等。

These methods are generally more costly to employ and no one has a clear self-interest in employing them.
这些方法通常更昂贵，而且没有人有明确的自身利益来采用这些方法。

Consequently, according to the first law, they are employed to a lesser degree than flexible pricing.
因此，根据第一个定律，这些方法的使用程度低于灵活定价。

Therefore, queues can be expected to be more significant where the right of sale is not included in ownership.
因此，在所有权不包含销售权的情况下，排队现象可能会更明显。

A private property system is difficult to define in a few words, and I shall not attempt a complete definition here.
私有财产制度很难用几句话定义，我在此不打算给出完整的定义。

Crucially involved is the notion that individuals have control over the use to which scarce resources (including ideas) can be put, and that this right of control is saleable or transferable.
关键在于个人对稀缺资源（包括想法）的使用有控制权，并且这种控制权可以出售或转让。

A private property right system requires the prior consent of "owners" before their property can be affected by others.
私有财产权制度要求在他人影响其财产之前，必须得到“所有者”的事先同意。

The role of the body politic in this system is twofold.
在这个制度中，政府的角色是双重的。

Firstly, the government or courts must help decide which individuals possess what property rights and, therefore, who has the power to claim that his rights are affected by others.
首先，政府或法院必须帮助决定哪些个人拥有哪些财产权，因此，谁有权声称其权利受到他人影响。

Secondly, property rights so assigned must be protected by the police power of the state or the owners must be allowed to protect property rights themselves.
其次，所分配的财产权必须由国家的警力保护，或者允许所有者自己保护财产权。

Presumably the best mix of public and private protection will depend on ethical and other considerations.
可能最好的公共和私人保护的组合将取决于伦理和其他考虑因素。

There are three important implications of a private property system that are valid in a world in which all property rights are assigned and in which the cost of exchanging and of policing property rights are zero.
在一个所有财产权都被分配且交换和维护财产权的成本为零的世界中，私有财产制度有三个重要的含义。

A private property system under such conditions implies that (1) the value of all harmful and beneficial effects of alternative uses of property rights will be brought to bear on their owners, (2) to the extent that owners of property rights are utility maximizers, property rights will be used efficiently, and (3) the mix of output that is produced will be independent of the distribution of property rights among persons except insofar as changes in the distribution of wealth affect demand patterns.
在这种条件下，私有财产制度意味着：（1）财产权的各种替代用途的所有有害和有益影响的价值都会由其所有者承担；（2）在财产权所有者是效用最大化者的情况下，财产权将得到有效利用；（3）所产生的产出组合将独立于财产权在人群中的分配，除非财富分配的变化影响需求模式。

These implications follow directly from the recen