几个磁盘配置的命令:
lsblk --- 磁盘信息查看(块设备) //格式:lsblk fdisk --- 管理MBR分区 //格式:fdisk [要管理的磁盘位置] --- 然后进入磁盘管理模式 m 获取指令帮助 / n 创建新分区 / w 修改保存退出 d 删除磁盘分区 / p 显示磁盘分区信息 / q 不保存退出 u 切换所显示的分区大小单位 / t 更改分区类型 / l 显示支持的分区类型 g 新建一个空GPT分区表 / o 新建一个空DOS表 / a 调整磁盘的启动分区 mkfs --- 文件格式化 //格式:mkfs.XXX [磁盘位置] XXX为解压方式 mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.vfat mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.fat mkfs.msdos mkfs.xfs 通常使用的解压格式为mkfs.ext4,mkfs.xfs mount --- 挂载 //格式:mount [文件位置] [文件要挂载的位置] umount --- 取消挂载 //格式:umount [文件挂载的位置] df -h --- 文件系统使用情况 free -m --- 查看内存使用情况 mount -a --- 重新读取/etc/fstab blkid --- 查看挂载情况 !!!永久挂载则需要vim /etc/fstab 添加: [文件位置] [文件] [解压方式] defaults 0 0 //六个数据,以空格隔开
1.查看磁盘信息(块信息)
[root@localhost etc]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 7.9G 0 rom /run/media/root/RHEL-8-2-0-BaseOS-x86_64
nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 400M 0 part /boot
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 17.6G 0 part /
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
nvme0n2 259:4 0 10G 0 disk
├─nvme0n2p1 259:5 0 1G 0 part /dir1
├─nvme0n2p2 259:6 0 2G 0 part /dir2
└─nvme0n2p3 259:7 0 7G 0 part /dir3
//磁盘名字 大小 挂载地
2.创建分区:
过程:开机 --- bios硬件自检 --- MBR --- GPT(分区表)
有两种格式:MBR和GPT
MBR分区支持的分区数量:4个主分区或3个主分区1个扩展分区
为什么MBR最多只能有4个主分区? 原因:分区表占据64个字节,可以对四个分区的信息进行描述,其中每个分区的信息占据16个字节。
主分区:一个硬盘最多有4个主分区,主分区无法进行二次分区,可以用来引导、启动操作系统 ,同时,主分区可以直接建立文件系统,存放数据。
扩展分区:一块硬盘最多一个,加主分区最多4个,不能创建文件系统,可以划分逻辑分区。
逻辑分区:可以创建文件系统,存放数据,同时,逻辑分区的数量没有限制。
GPT分区是一种比MBR分区更先进、更灵活的磁盘分区模式优点:
①在默认情况下,GPT最多可支持128个分区。
②容量大
③GPT分区表自带备份。
④向后兼容MBR。GPT分区表上包含保护性的MBR区域。
我们这里主要考虑MBR分区。
3.使用fdisk进行MBR分区:
//创造一个新的nvme磁盘空间nvme0n2
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 7.9G 0 rom /run/media/root/RHEL-8-2-0-BaseOS-x86_64
nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 400M 0 part /boot
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 17.6G 0 part /
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
nvme0n2 259:4 0 10G 0 disk
//进入配置页面(光盘默认位置在/dev下)
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xf3966c8b.
//进入磁盘管理操作,我配置为两个主分区(1G,2G),一个扩展分区(剩余7G)
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p //主分区1
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 //1号
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): //起始位置
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +1G //1G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Command (m for help): n //主分区2
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (2099200-20971519, default 2099200): //2G
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-20971519, default 20971519): +2G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
//!!!这个时候要注意,如果第三个分区没有选为e扩展分区,会被默认为主分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): e
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3
First sector (6293504-20971519, default 6293504):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (6293504-20971519, default 20971519):
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Extended' and of size 7 GiB. //7G 扩展
Command (m for help): n
All space for primary partitions is in use.
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (6295552-20971519, default 6295552):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (6295552-20971519, default 20971519):
Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 7 GiB.
3.格式化磁盘:
格式化的目的是为了形成文件系统!
如果已有其他文件系统创建在此分区,必须在mkfs.xfs 命令中加上选项-f强行进行格式化
//格式化ext4
[root@localhost /]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/nvme0n2p1
mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 640fe979-c9de-4ac5-b370-f4ff59720bac
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
//格式化ext4
[root@localhost /]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/nvme0n2p2
mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Creating filesystem with 524288 4k blocks and 131072 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 866b2a89-0613-47af-831a-da6c3d0e9507
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
//格式化xfs
[root@localhost /]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/nvme0n2p5
meta-data=/dev/nvme0n2p5 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=458624 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=1834496, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
4.挂载:
//此时为临时挂载
//首先设置挂载的文件位置
[root@localhost /]# mkdir {dir1,dir2,dir3}
[root@localhost /]# ls
bin dev dir2 etc lib media opt root sbin sys usr
boot dir1 dir3 home lib64 mnt proc run srv tmp var
//挂载文件
[root@localhost /]# mount /dev/nvme0n2p1 /dir1
[root@localhost /]# mount /dev/nvme0n2p2 /dir2
[root@localhost /]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/nvme0n2p5
meta-data=/dev/nvme0n2p5 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=458624 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=1834496, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
//永久挂载
[root@localhost /]# vim /etc/fstab
/dev/nvme0n2p1 /p1 ext4 defaults 0 0
/dev/nvme0n2p2 /p2 ext4 defaults 0 0
/dev/nvme0n2p5 /p5 xfs defaults 0 0
最后reboot重启!挂载成功
查看挂载情况:
[root@localhost ~]# blkid
/dev/nvme0n1: PTUUID="e0e1ffe5" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/nvme0n1p1: UUID="eec3713b-f318-4be1-8da6-3808bb6b3753" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="e0e1ffe5-01"
/dev/nvme0n1p2: UUID="d22eae49-4d1f-485f-9000-f4f0d538274c" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="e0e1ffe5-02"
/dev/nvme0n1p3: UUID="386a183a-da1c-4a66-8b6c-fe3452e4fa30" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="e0e1ffe5-03"
/dev/nvme0n2: PTUUID="26bc6d40" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/nvme0n2p1: UUID="17ddc454-a3f9-4b6a-8115-12896e903cd5" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="26bc6d40-01"
/dev/nvme0n2p2: UUID="30046261-7606-42a5-90b9-8ceea1a3fcaa" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="26bc6d40-02"
/dev/sr0: UUID="2020-04-04-08-21-15-00" LABEL="RHEL-8-2-0-BaseOS-x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="47055c33" PTTYPE="dos"