servlet

servlet

servlet简介

  • Serclet就是sun公司开发的动态web的一门技术
  • Sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要两个步骤
    • 编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
    • 把开发好的java类部署到web服务器中

把实现了servlet接口的java程序叫做,servlet

HelloServlet

Servlet接口在sun有两个默认的实现类HttpServlet、GenericServlet

1.构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后就在这个项目里面建立Model,这个空的工程就是Maven主工程

2.关于Maven父子工程的理解:

​ 父项目中会有

<modules>
        <module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>

​ 子项目中会有

  <parent>
    <artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
    <groupId>org.example</groupId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
  </parent>

子项目可以直接调用父项目中导入的jar包,不需要子项目再次导入

3.Maven环境优化

​ 1.修改web.xml为最新的

​ 2.将maven的结构搭建完整

4.编写一个Servlet程序

​ 1.编写一个普通类

​ 2.实现Servlet接口,这里直接继承HttpServlet

package servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {

    //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        req.getInputStream();//获取输出流

        PrintWriter writer=resp.getWriter();//输出流
        writer.print("hello,servlet");




    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

5.编写Servlet的映射

为什么我们写的java程序要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web中注册我们写的servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径

<!--    注册servlet-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
<!--    servelt的请求路径-->
    
<!--    http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s1/hello
http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s1 为Tomcat配置时设定的访问路径
/hello 为servelt设置的具体文件的路径
-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

6.配置Tomcat

​ 注意配置项目发布的路径就可以了

7.启动测试

Servlet原理

以下两篇博客分析了Servlet的原理和使用

浅析Servlet执行原理 - Alan_beijing - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)

什么是Servlet(原理,从访问到方法) - 云扬四海 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)

Mapping问题

1.一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径

2.一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径

3.一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径

4.指定一些后缀或前缀等…

5.优先级问题

​ 指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求

<!--    默认路径为error,当路径所访问的路径不存在时则会自动跳转到该路径-->
<!--    http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s1        默认路径-->
<!--    http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s1/hellods        不存在的路径-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>Error</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>Error</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

附录

深入理解HTTP协议、HTTP协议原理分析 - jiangxiaobo - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)

Maven 核心原理_菜鸟-翡青-CSDN博客_maven原理

ServletContext

web容器在启动的时候,他会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServeltContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用

1、共享数据

我在这个Servlet中保存的数据可以在另一个Servlet中拿到

添加数据:

package servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

//        this.getInitParameter() //初始化参数
//        this.getServletConfig()   //Servlet配置
//        this.getServletContext()  //Servlet上下文

        ServletContext context=this.getServletContext();

        String username="情节";//数据
        context.setAttribute("username",username);//将一个数据保存到ServletContext中,名字为username,值为username




        System.out.println("hello");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

获取数据

package servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context=this.getServletContext();

        String username= (String) context.getAttribute("username");//获取HelloServlet保存到context中的数据

        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
//        resp.setHeader("Content-type","text/html");
        resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

web.xml配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
                      http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
         version="4.0"
         metadata-complete="true">

    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    

    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    

</web-app>

2、获取初始化参数
package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletContext;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;public class ServletDemo03 extends HttpServlet {    @Override    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        ServletContext context=this.getServletContext();        String url=context.getInitParameter("url");        resp.getWriter().print(url);    }    @Override    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        super.doPost(req, resp);    }}
    <servlet>        <servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>        <servlet-class>servlet.ServletDemo03</servlet-class>    </servlet>    <servlet-mapping>        <servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>        <url-pattern>/gp</url-pattern>    </servlet-mapping><!--    配置一些web应用初始化参数-->    <context-param>        <param-name>url</param-name>        <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:13306/mybatis</param-value>    </context-param>
3.请求转发
package servlet;import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;import javax.servlet.ServletContext;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;public class ServletDemo04 extends HttpServlet {    @Override    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        ServletContext context=this.getServletContext();        //请求转发        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher=context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp");//转发的请求路径        requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);//调用forward方法实现请求转发    }    @Override    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        super.doPost(req, resp);    }}
 <servlet>        <servlet-name>sd4</servlet-name>        <servlet-class>servlet.ServletDemo04</servlet-class>    </servlet>    <servlet-mapping>        <servlet-name>sd4</servlet-name>        <url-pattern>/sd4</url-pattern>    </servlet-mapping>

访问http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s2/sd4 获取到的内容是/gp中的,区别于重定向,此处地址栏不发生变化

4.读取资源文件

Properties

  • 在java目录下新建properties
  • 在resources目录下新建properties

发现:都被打包到了同一路径下:classes,我们俗称classpath

思路:需要一个文件流

package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.InputStream;import java.util.Properties;public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {    @Override    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        InputStream is=this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");        Properties prop=new Properties();        prop.load(is);        String username=prop.getProperty("username");        String password=prop.getProperty("password");        resp.getWriter().print("名称"+username+"/n密码"+password);    }    @Override    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        super.doPost(req, resp);    }}
<servlet>        <servlet-name>sd5</servlet-name>        <servlet-class>servlet.ServletDemo05</servlet-class>    </servlet>    <servlet-mapping>        <servlet-name>sd5</servlet-name>        <url-pattern>/sd5</url-pattern>    </servlet-mapping>

db.properties

username=rootpassword=root

HttpServletResponse

web服务器接受到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServiceRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletRespones;

  • 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
  • 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse;
1、简单分类

负责向浏览器发送数据的方法

resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);

负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法

  void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);    void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);    void setHeader(String var1, String var2);    void addHeader(String var1, String var2);    void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);    void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);...

响应的状态码

int SC_CONTINUE = 100;    int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;    int SC_OK = 200;    int SC_CREATED = 201;    int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;    int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;    int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;    int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;    int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;    int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;    int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;    int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;    int SC_FOUND = 302;    int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;    int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;    int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;    int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;    int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;    int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;    int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;    int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;    int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;    int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;    int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;    int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;    int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;    int SC_CONFLICT = 409;    int SC_GONE = 410;    int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;    int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;    int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;    int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;    int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;    int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;    int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;    int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;    int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;    int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;    int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;    int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;    int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
2.常见应用

1.向浏览器输出信息

2.下载文件

​ 1.要获取下载文件的路径

​ 2.下载的文件名是什么?

​ 3.设置想办法让浏览器能够支持我们下载我们需要的东西

​ 4.获取下载文件的输入流

​ 5.创建缓冲区

​ 6.获取OutoutStream对象

​ 7.将FileOutputStream流写到buffer缓冲区

​ 8.使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端

package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletContext;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.FileInputStream;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.URLEncoder;public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {    @Override    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        //  1.要获取下载文件的路径        String realPath="D:\\IdeaProjects\\javaweb\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\target\\classes\\1.png";//        String realPath=this.getServletContext().getRealPath(path);        System.out.println("下载文件的路径:"+realPath);        //	2.下载的文件名是什么?        String filename=realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);//获取路径\分割的最后一块        //	3.设置想办法让浏览器能够支持我们下载我们需要的东西      使用URLEncoder处理中文文件名的乱码问题        resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(filename,"utf-8"));        //	4.获取下载文件的输入流        FileInputStream in=new FileInputStream(realPath);        //	5.创建缓冲区        int len=0;        byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];        //	6.获取OutoutStream对象        ServletOutputStream out=resp.getOutputStream();        //	7.将FileOutputStream流写到buffer缓冲区        while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0){            out.write(buffer,0,len);        }        in.close();        out.close();    }    @Override    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        super.doPost(req, resp);    }}
3.验证码功能
  • 前端实现
  • 后端实现,需要java图片图片类,生成一个图片
package servlet;import javax.imageio.ImageIO;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.awt.*;import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;import java.io.IOException;import java.util.Random;public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {    @Override    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        //如何让浏览器5s自动刷新一次        resp.setHeader("refresh","3");        //在内存中创建一个图片        BufferedImage image=new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);        //得到图片        Graphics2D g=(Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();//笔        //设置图片的背景颜色        g.setColor(Color.white);        g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);        //给图片写数据        g.setColor(Color.blue);        g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));        g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);        //告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开        resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");        //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存        resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);        resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");        resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");        //把图片写给浏览器        ImageIO.write(image,"jpg",resp.getOutputStream());    }    //生成随机数    private String makeNum(){        Random random=new Random();        String num=random.nextInt(9999999)+"";        StringBuffer sb= new StringBuffer();        for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length(); i++) {            sb.append("0");        }        num=sb.toString()+num;        return num;    }    @Override    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        super.doPost(req, resp);    }}

4、实现重定向

重定向:当服务器接收到请求会告诉客户端另一个web资源的地址,让客户端去访问

常用场景

  • 登录
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {    @Override    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        //重定向        //原理就是修改响应头,使其实现重定向//        resp.setHeader("Location","/javaweb/r/image");//        resp.setStatus(302);//302状态码代表重定向                resp.sendRedirect("/javaweb/r/image");    }    @Override    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        super.doPost(req, resp);    }}

面试题:重定向和转发的区别

相同点:

  • 也变都会实现跳转

不同点:

  • 请求转发的时候,url不会发生变化 307
  • 重定向的时候,url会发生变化 302

HttpServletRequest

HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个方法,获取客户端的所有信息

获取前端传递的参数,请求转发

package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;import java.util.Arrays;public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {    @Override    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        super.doGet(req,resp);    }    @Override    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");        String username=req.getParameter("username");        String password=req.getParameter("password");        String[] hobbys=req.getParameterValues("hobbys");        System.out.println(username);        System.out.println(password);        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys));        //通过请求转发 ,在请求转发和重定向中,需要注意路径问题,这里的/代表当前的web应用        req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);    }}
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