servlet
文章目录
servlet简介
- Serclet就是sun公司开发的动态web的一门技术
- Sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要两个步骤
- 编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
- 把开发好的java类部署到web服务器中
把实现了servlet接口的java程序叫做,servlet
HelloServlet
Servlet接口在sun有两个默认的实现类HttpServlet、GenericServlet
1.构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后就在这个项目里面建立Model,这个空的工程就是Maven主工程
2.关于Maven父子工程的理解:
父项目中会有
<modules>
<module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>
子项目中会有
<parent>
<artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
<groupId>org.example</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
子项目可以直接调用父项目中导入的jar包,不需要子项目再次导入
3.Maven环境优化
1.修改web.xml为最新的
2.将maven的结构搭建完整
4.编写一个Servlet程序
1.编写一个普通类
2.实现Servlet接口,这里直接继承HttpServlet
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
//由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
req.getInputStream();//获取输出流
PrintWriter writer=resp.getWriter();//输出流
writer.print("hello,servlet");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
super.doPost(req, resp);
}
}
5.编写Servlet的映射
为什么我们写的java程序要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web中注册我们写的servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径
<!-- 注册servlet-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!-- servelt的请求路径-->
<!-- http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s1/hello
http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s1 为Tomcat配置时设定的访问路径
/hello 为servelt设置的具体文件的路径
-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
6.配置Tomcat
注意配置项目发布的路径就可以了
7.启动测试
Servlet原理
以下两篇博客分析了Servlet的原理和使用
浅析Servlet执行原理 - Alan_beijing - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
什么是Servlet(原理,从访问到方法) - 云扬四海 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
Mapping问题
1.一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
2.一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
3.一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
4.指定一些后缀或前缀等…
5.优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求
<!-- 默认路径为error,当路径所访问的路径不存在时则会自动跳转到该路径-->
<!-- http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s1 默认路径-->
<!-- http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s1/hellods 不存在的路径-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>Error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
附录
深入理解HTTP协议、HTTP协议原理分析 - jiangxiaobo - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
Maven 核心原理_菜鸟-翡青-CSDN博客_maven原理
ServletContext
web容器在启动的时候,他会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServeltContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用
1、共享数据
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据可以在另一个Servlet中拿到
添加数据:
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// this.getInitParameter() //初始化参数
// this.getServletConfig() //Servlet配置
// this.getServletContext() //Servlet上下文
ServletContext context=this.getServletContext();
String username="情节";//数据
context.setAttribute("username",username);//将一个数据保存到ServletContext中,名字为username,值为username
System.out.println("hello");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
super.doPost(req, resp);
}
}
获取数据
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context=this.getServletContext();
String username= (String) context.getAttribute("username");//获取HelloServlet保存到context中的数据
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
// resp.setHeader("Content-type","text/html");
resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
super.doPost(req, resp);
}
}
web.xml配置
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
version="4.0"
metadata-complete="true">
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
2、获取初始化参数
package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletContext;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;public class ServletDemo03 extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext context=this.getServletContext(); String url=context.getInitParameter("url"); resp.getWriter().print(url); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { super.doPost(req, resp); }}
<servlet> <servlet-name>gp</servlet-name> <servlet-class>servlet.ServletDemo03</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>gp</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/gp</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping><!-- 配置一些web应用初始化参数--> <context-param> <param-name>url</param-name> <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:13306/mybatis</param-value> </context-param>
3.请求转发
package servlet;import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;import javax.servlet.ServletContext;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;public class ServletDemo04 extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext context=this.getServletContext(); //请求转发 RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher=context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp");//转发的请求路径 requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);//调用forward方法实现请求转发 } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { super.doPost(req, resp); }}
<servlet> <servlet-name>sd4</servlet-name> <servlet-class>servlet.ServletDemo04</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>sd4</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/sd4</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
访问http://localhost:8080/javaweb/s2/sd4 获取到的内容是/gp中的,区别于重定向,此处地址栏不发生变化
4.读取资源文件
Properties
- 在java目录下新建properties
- 在resources目录下新建properties
发现:都被打包到了同一路径下:classes,我们俗称classpath
思路:需要一个文件流
package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.InputStream;import java.util.Properties;public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { InputStream is=this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties"); Properties prop=new Properties(); prop.load(is); String username=prop.getProperty("username"); String password=prop.getProperty("password"); resp.getWriter().print("名称"+username+"/n密码"+password); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { super.doPost(req, resp); }}
<servlet> <servlet-name>sd5</servlet-name> <servlet-class>servlet.ServletDemo05</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>sd5</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/sd5</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
db.properties
username=rootpassword=root
HttpServletResponse
web服务器接受到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServiceRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletRespones;
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse;
1、简单分类
负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);
负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2); void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2); void setHeader(String var1, String var2); void addHeader(String var1, String var2); void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2); void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);...
响应的状态码
int SC_CONTINUE = 100; int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101; int SC_OK = 200; int SC_CREATED = 201; int SC_ACCEPTED = 202; int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203; int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204; int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205; int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206; int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300; int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301; int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302; int SC_FOUND = 302; int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303; int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304; int SC_USE_PROXY = 305; int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307; int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400; int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401; int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402; int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403; int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404; int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405; int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406; int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407; int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408; int SC_CONFLICT = 409; int SC_GONE = 410; int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411; int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412; int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413; int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414; int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415; int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416; int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417; int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500; int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501; int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502; int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503; int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504; int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
2.常见应用
1.向浏览器输出信息
2.下载文件
1.要获取下载文件的路径
2.下载的文件名是什么?
3.设置想办法让浏览器能够支持我们下载我们需要的东西
4.获取下载文件的输入流
5.创建缓冲区
6.获取OutoutStream对象
7.将FileOutputStream流写到buffer缓冲区
8.使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletContext;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.FileInputStream;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.URLEncoder;public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { // 1.要获取下载文件的路径 String realPath="D:\\IdeaProjects\\javaweb\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\target\\classes\\1.png";// String realPath=this.getServletContext().getRealPath(path); System.out.println("下载文件的路径:"+realPath); // 2.下载的文件名是什么? String filename=realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);//获取路径\分割的最后一块 // 3.设置想办法让浏览器能够支持我们下载我们需要的东西 使用URLEncoder处理中文文件名的乱码问题 resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(filename,"utf-8")); // 4.获取下载文件的输入流 FileInputStream in=new FileInputStream(realPath); // 5.创建缓冲区 int len=0; byte[] buffer=new byte[1024]; // 6.获取OutoutStream对象 ServletOutputStream out=resp.getOutputStream(); // 7.将FileOutputStream流写到buffer缓冲区 while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0){ out.write(buffer,0,len); } in.close(); out.close(); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { super.doPost(req, resp); }}
3.验证码功能
- 前端实现
- 后端实现,需要java图片图片类,生成一个图片
package servlet;import javax.imageio.ImageIO;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.awt.*;import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;import java.io.IOException;import java.util.Random;public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //如何让浏览器5s自动刷新一次 resp.setHeader("refresh","3"); //在内存中创建一个图片 BufferedImage image=new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB); //得到图片 Graphics2D g=(Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();//笔 //设置图片的背景颜色 g.setColor(Color.white); g.fillRect(0,0,80,20); //给图片写数据 g.setColor(Color.blue); g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20)); g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20); //告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开 resp.setContentType("image/jpeg"); //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存 resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1); resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache"); resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache"); //把图片写给浏览器 ImageIO.write(image,"jpg",resp.getOutputStream()); } //生成随机数 private String makeNum(){ Random random=new Random(); String num=random.nextInt(9999999)+""; StringBuffer sb= new StringBuffer(); for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length(); i++) { sb.append("0"); } num=sb.toString()+num; return num; } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { super.doPost(req, resp); }}
4、实现重定向
重定向:当服务器接收到请求会告诉客户端另一个web资源的地址,让客户端去访问
常用场景
- 登录
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //重定向 //原理就是修改响应头,使其实现重定向// resp.setHeader("Location","/javaweb/r/image");// resp.setStatus(302);//302状态码代表重定向 resp.sendRedirect("/javaweb/r/image"); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { super.doPost(req, resp); }}
面试题:重定向和转发的区别
相同点:
- 也变都会实现跳转
不同点:
- 请求转发的时候,url不会发生变化 307
- 重定向的时候,url会发生变化 302
HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个方法,获取客户端的所有信息
获取前端传递的参数,请求转发
package servlet;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;import java.util.Arrays;public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { super.doGet(req,resp); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8"); resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8"); String username=req.getParameter("username"); String password=req.getParameter("password"); String[] hobbys=req.getParameterValues("hobbys"); System.out.println(username); System.out.println(password); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys)); //通过请求转发 ,在请求转发和重定向中,需要注意路径问题,这里的/代表当前的web应用 req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp); }}