SPR5: Bean的自动装配

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-10 12:42:28 发布

云杉先生和他的鹿

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-10 12:42:28 发布

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分类专栏： Spring5 文章标签： spring java spring 5 bean

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_44700366/article/details/120237801

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5.1 简介

在Spring种，通过容器进行对象的加载。属性装配可以xml手动录入（构造器，setter()，命名空间），也可以使用java进行装配，但是在bean之间的属性引用上，可以使用Spring的自动装配。

5.2 autowire属性

5.2.1 环境

Computer.java:

package com.yun.pojo;

public class Computer {
    public void operation(){
        System.out.println("电脑开机");
    }
}

Phone.java:

package com.yun.pojo;

public class Phone {
    public void operation(){
        System.out.println("手机开机");
    }
}

applicationContext.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

        <bean id="computer" class="com.yun.pojo.Computer"/>
        <bean id="phone" class="com.yun.pojo.Phone"/>
</beans>

测试接口：

package com.yun;

import com.yun.pojo.User;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class MyTest {
    @Test
    public void UserTest(){
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        User user = context.getBean("user", User.class);
        user.getComputer().operation();
        user.getPhone().operation();
    }
}

5.2.1 ByName

applicationContext.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

        <bean id="computer" class="com.yun.pojo.Computer"/>
        <bean id="phone" class="com.yun.pojo.Phone"/>

        <bean id="user" class="com.yun.pojo.User" autowire="byName"/>
</beans>

提示： user’Bean 会自动按照实体类名字，进行匹配，并进行装配compuer与phone。

输出结果：

电脑开机
手机开机

5.2.2 ByType

applicationContext.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

        <bean id="computer" class="com.yun.pojo.Computer"/>
        <bean id="phone" class="com.yun.pojo.Phone"/>

        <bean id="user" class="com.yun.pojo.User" autowire="byType"/>
</beans>

提示： user’Bean 在被Spring容器加载时，会根据实体类的属性类型，对对象引用属性进行装配。例如Computer类，则会查找class为 com.yun.pojo.Computer 的bean，弊端则是一个类只能拥有一个bean。

输出结果：

电脑开机
手机开机

5.3 注解实现自动装配

5.3.1 导入约束

xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

5.3.2 导入支持

<context:annotation-config/>

文件概览


<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

    <context:annotation-config/>

</beans>

5.3.3 Autowired注解的使用

applicationCotext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

        <context:annotation-config/>
        <bean id="computer" class="com.yun.pojo.Computer"/>
        <bean id="phone" class="com.yun.pojo.Phone"/>

        <bean id="user" class="com.yun.pojo.User"/>
</beans>

提示： 在导入约束与支持之后，在Spring配置文件中，将实体类进行注册。并且不用指定自动装配的方式，因为将实体类的属性装配交给注解，并在实体类内部实现。

User.java:

package com.yun.pojo;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class User {
    public Computer getComputer() {
        return computer;
    }

    public void setComputer(Computer computer) {
        this.computer = computer;
    }

    public Phone getPhone() {
        return phone;
    }

    public void setPhone(Phone phone) {
        this.phone = phone;
    }

    @Autowired
    private Computer computer;
    @Autowired
    private Phone phone;
}

总结： 通过测试接口，依旧可以达到autowire属性的功能。Autowired注解在底层实现，依靠的是byType方式。如果一个实体类中，有两个同类型的属性，而Spring中只注册了一个该类型的bean，那么程序依旧执行成功；但如果Spring中注册了两个或多个同样类型的bean，那么程序便会报 Could not autowire. There is more than one bean of ‘Computer’ type 的错误。为了解决这一问题，Spring提供了 @Qualifier 注解。

5.3.4 注解Qualifier

User.java:

package com.yun.pojo;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;

public class User {
    public Computer getComputer() {
        return computer;
    }

    public void setComputer(Computer computer) {
        this.computer = computer;
    }

    public Phone getPhone() {
        return phone;
    }

    public void setPhone(Phone phone) {
        this.phone = phone;
    }

    @Autowired
    private Computer computer;
    @Autowired
    private Phone phone;
    
    @Autowired
    @Qualifier(value = "computer")
    private Computer computer1;

    public Computer getComputer1() {
        return computer1;
    }

    public void setComputer1(Computer computer1) {
        this.computer1 = computer1;
    }
}

applicationContext.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

        <context:annotation-config/>
        <bean id="gsgdfsgf" class="com.yun.pojo.Computer"/>
        <bean id="computer" class="com.yun.pojo.Computer"/>
        <bean id="phone" class="com.yun.pojo.Phone"/>

        <bean id="user" class="com.yun.pojo.User"/>
</beans>

提示： 上述代码实现了Spring配置文件中有两个同类型的bean，然后在实体类中使用自动装配注解时，添加了 Qualifier 注解，并为它指定了其余的bean id。

5.3.5 属性装配空值

required
```
@Autowired(required = false)
```
Nullable
```
@Autowired
    public void setPhone(@Nullable Phone phone) {
        this.phone = phone;
    }
```
提示： 这里可以看出，Autowird 并不仅仅用于字段上面，还可以用于setter()上面。而Nullable的作用是，可以设置属性值为空，但具体实例不好举。

5.3.6 Resource注解

User.java:

package com.yun.pojo;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;

import javax.annotation.Resource;

public class User {
    public Computer getComputer() {
        return computer;
    }

    public void setComputer(Computer computer) {
        this.computer = computer;
    }

    public Phone getPhone() {
        return phone;
    }

    @Autowired
    public void setPhone(Phone phone) {
        this.phone = phone;
    }

    @Autowired
    private Computer computer;

    private Phone phone;
    
    @Resource(name = "computer")
    private Computer computer1;

    public Computer getComputer1() {
        return computer1;
    }

    public void setComputer1(Computer computer1) {
        this.computer1 = computer1;
    }
}