我在b站学python之基础学习十五：继承

上一篇：我在b站学python之基础学习十四：面向对象基础（魔法方法）

一、体验继承

#定义父类
class A(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.num = 1
	
	def info_print(self):
		print(self.num)

#定义子类，继承父类
class B(A):
	pass

#创建对象，验证结论
result = B()
result.info_print()

注意：在python中，所有类默认继承object类，object类是顶级类或者基类，其他子类叫派生类。

二、单继承
例

#师傅类，属性和方法
class Master(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[师父的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

#定义徒弟类，继承师傅类
class Prentice(Master):
	pass

#徒弟类创建对象，调用实例属性和方法
daqiu = Prentice()
print(daqiu.kongfu)
daqiu.make_cake()

三、多继承
例

class Master(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[师父的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

#创建学校类
class School(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[学校的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class Prentice(School,Master):
	pass

daqiu = Prentice()
print(daqiu.kongfu)
daqiu.make_cake()

注意：当一个类有多个父类的时候，默认使用第一个父类的同名属性和方法。

四、子类重写父类同名方法和属性
例、

class Master(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[师父的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class School(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[学校的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class Prentice(School,Master):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '我的'

	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

daqiu = Prentice()
print(daqiu.kongfu)
daqiu.make_cake()

注意：如果子类和父类拥有同名属性和方法，子类创建对象调用属性和方法的时候，调用到的是子类里边的同名属性和方法

五、快速查看类的继承关系
语法：类名.mro
例：
上边代码运行：print（Prentice.mro）
结果：

六、子类调用父类的同名方法和属性（方法一，方法二见下）
例：

class Master(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[师父的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class School(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[学校的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class Prentice(School,Master):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '我的'

	def make_cake(self):
	 	self._init_()    #加自己初始化原因：如果不加，属性值是上一次调用的init内的属性值
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')
	
	#子类调用父类的同名方法和属性，把父类的同名属性和方法再次封装
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master._init_(self)   #再次调用初始化的原因：想要调用弗雷德同名方法和属性，属性在init初始化位置，所以需要再次调用
		Master.make_cake(self)
	
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School._init_(self)
		School.make_cake(self)

daqiu = Prentice()
daqiu.make_cake()
daqiu.make_master_cake()
daqiu.make_school_cake()

七、多层继承
例：

class Master(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[师父的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class School(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[学校的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class Prentice(School,Master):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '我的'

	def make_cake(self):
	 	self._init_()   
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')
	
	
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master._init_(self)   
		Master.make_cake(self)
	
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School._init_(self)
		School.make_cake(self)
	
#徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
	pass

xiaoqiu = Tusun()
xiaoqiu.make_cake()
xiaoqiu.make_school_cake()
xiaoqiu.make_master_cake()

八、super()调用父类方法（方法二）
例：
1、super()有参数方法

class Master(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[师父的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class School(Master):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[学校的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')
		#super（）带参数写法
		super(School,self)._init_()
		super(School,self).make_cake()

class Prentice(School:
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '我的'

	def make_cake(self):
	 	self._init_()   
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')
	
	
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master._init_(self)   
		Master.make_cake(self)
	
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School._init_(self)
		School.make_cake(self)
#方法一：super（当前类名，self）.函数（）
	def make_old_cake(self):
		super(Prentice,self)._init_()
		super(Prentice,self).make_cake()

daqiu = Prentice()
daqiu.make_old_cake()

2、super()无参数方法

class Master(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[师父的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class School(Master):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[学校的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')
		#super（）无参数写法
		super()._init_()
		super().make_cake()

class Prentice(School:
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '我的'

	def make_cake(self):
	 	self._init_()   
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')
	
	
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master._init_(self)   
		Master.make_cake(self)
	
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School._init_(self)
		School.make_cake(self)
#方法二：super（）.函数（）
	def make_old_cake(self):
		super()._init_()
		super().make_cake()

daqiu = Prentice()
daqiu.make_old_cake()

九、私有权限
即设置某个实例属性或实例方法不继承给子类
1、设置私有权限方法：在属性名和方法名前加两个下划线。
例：

class Master(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[师父的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class School(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[学校的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class Prentice(School,Master):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '我的'
		#创建私有属性self.__money
		self.__money() = 20
	#定义私有方法
	def __info_print(self):
		print('私有方法')
	def make_cake(self):
	 	self._init_()   
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')
	
	
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master._init_(self)   
		Master.make_cake(self)
	
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School._init_(self)
		School.make_cake(self)

class Tusun(Prentice):
	pass

xiaoqiu = Tusun()
#以上代码分别执行下列代码 都会报错
print(xiaoqiu.money)
print(xiaoqiu.__money)
xiaoqiu.__info_print()

2、获取和修改私有属性值
一般定义函数名get_xx用来获取私有属性，定义set_xx用来修改私有属性值。
例：

class Master(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[师父的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class School(object):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '[学校的]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')

class Prentice(School,Master):
	def _init_(self):
		self.kongfu = '我的'
		self.__money = 20
	
	#定义函数，获取私有属性值
	def get_money(self):
		return self.__money
	
	#定义函数修改私有属性值
	def set_money(self):
		self.__money = 50
		
	def make_cake(self):
	 	self._init_()   
		print(f'{self.kongfu}')
	
	
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master._init_(self)   
		Master.make_cake(self)
	
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School._init_(self)
		School.make_cake(self)
	
#徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
	pass

xiaoqiu = Tusun()

print(xiaoqiu.get_money())  #获取私有属性money的值
xiaoqiu.set_money()    #修改私有属性money的值
print(xiaoqiu.get_money())

下一篇：我在b站学python之基础学习十六：面向对象完