一、为什么要有泛型
jdk 5.0新增特性,允许在定义类、接口时通过一个标识表示类中某个属性的类型或者是某个方法的返回值及参数类型。这个类型参数将在使用时(例如,继承或实现这个接口,用这个类型声明变量、创建对象时)确定(即传入实际的类型参数,也称为类型实参)。
|-在集合中使用泛型
①集合接口或集合类在jdk 5.0时都修改为带泛型的结构
②在实例化集合类时,可以指明具体的泛型类型
③指明完以后,在集合类或接口中凡是定义类或接口时,内部结构(比如:方法、结构、构造器、属性等)使用到类的泛型的位置,都指定为实例化的泛型类型,比如add(E e) -->实例化以后:add(Integer e)
④泛型的类型必须是类,不能是基本数据类型,需要用到基本数据类型的位置,拿包装类替换
⑤如果实例化时,没有指明泛型的类型。默认类型为java.lang.Object类型
例:
package com.atguigu.java;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.*;
public class GenericTest {
//在集合中使用泛型之前的情况:
@Test
public void test1() {
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
//需求:存放学生成绩
list.add(78);
list.add(76);
list.add(89);
list.add(88);
//问题一:类型不安全
// list.add("Tom");
//问题二:强转时,可能出现ClassCastException
for (Object scoer : list) {
int stuScore = (int) scoer;
System.out.println(stuScore);
}
}
//在集合中使用泛型的情况:以ArrayList
@Test
public void test2() {
ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
list.add(78);
list.add(76);
list.add(89);
list.add(88);
//编译时,就会进行数据的检查,保证安全
// list.add("Tom");
//方式一:
// for (Integer score : list) {
// //避免了强转操作
// int stuScore = score;
//
// System.out.println(score);
// }
//方式二:
Iterator<Integer> iterator = list.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Integer stuScore = iterator.next();
System.out.println(stuScore);
}
}
//在集合中使用泛型的情况:以HashMap
@Test
public void test3() {
Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
map.put("Tom", 87);
map.put("Tom", 87);
map.put("Tom", 67);
// map.put(123,"ABC");
Set<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> entry = map.entrySet();
Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> iterator = entry.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<String, Integer> e = iterator.next();
String key = e.getKey();
Integer value = e.getValue();
System.out.println(key + "-----" + value);
}
}
}
|-练习:
package com.atguigu.exer;
public class MyDate implements Comparable<MyDate> {
private int year;
private int month;
private int day;
public MyDate() {
}
public MyDate(int year, int month, int day) {
this.year = year;
this.month = month;
this.day = day;
}
public int getYear() {
return year;
}
public void setYear(int year) {
this.year = year;
}
public int getMonth() {
return month;
}
public void setMonth(int month) {
this.month = month;
}
public int getDay() {
return day;
}
public void setDay(int day) {
this.day = day;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "MyDate{" +
"year=" + year +
", month=" + month +
", day=" + day +
'}';
}
@Override
public int compareTo(MyDate m) {
//比较年
int minusYear = this.getYear() - m.getYear();
if (minusYear != 0) {
return minusYear;
}
//比较月
int minusMonth = this.getMonth() - m.getMonth();
if (minusMonth != 0) {
return minusMonth;
}
//比较日
return this.getDay() - m.getDay();
}
}
package com.atguigu.exer;
public class Employee implements Comparable<Employee> {
private String name;
private int age;
private MyDate birthday;
public Employee() {
}
public Employee(String name, int age, MyDate birthday) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.birthday = birthday;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public MyDate getBirthday() {
return birthday;
}
public void setBirthday(MyDate birthday) {
this.birthday = birthday;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
", birthday=" + birthday +
'}';
}
//指明泛型时的写法
@Override
public int compareTo(Employee o) {
return this.name.compareTo(o.name);
}
}
package com.atguigu.exer;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.TreeSet;
public class EmployeeTest {
//按生日日期的先后排序
@Test
public void test2() {
TreeSet<Employee> set = new TreeSet<>(new Comparator<Employee>() {
//使用泛型以后的写法
@Override
public int compare(Employee o1, Employee o2) {
MyDate b1 = o1.getBirthday();
MyDate b2 = o2.getBirthday();
return b1.compareTo(b2);
}
});
Employee e1 = new Employee("liudehua", 55, new MyDate(1965, 5, 4));
Employee e2 = new Employee("zhnagxueyou", 43, new MyDate(1987, 5, 4));
Employee e3 = new Employee("guofucheng", 44, new MyDate(1987, 5, 9));
Employee e4 = new Employee("liming", 51, new MyDate(1954, 8, 12));
Employee e5 = new Employee("liangchaowei", 21, new MyDate(1978, 12, 4));
set.add(e1);
set.add(e2);
set.add(e3);
set.add(e4);
set.add(e5);
Iterator<Employee> iterator = set.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(iterator.next());
}
}
@Test
//使用自然排序
public void test1() {
TreeSet<Employee> set = new TreeSet<Employee>();
Employee e1 = new Employee("liudehua", 55, new MyDate(1965, 5, 4));
Employee e2 = new Employee("zhnagxueyou", 43, new MyDate(1987, 5, 4));
Employee e3 = new Employee("guofucheng", 44, new MyDate(1987, 5, 9));
Employee e4 = new Employee("liming", 51, new MyDate(1954, 8, 12));
Employee e5 = new Employee("liangchaowei", 21, new MyDate(1978, 12, 4));
set.add(e1);
set.add(e2);
set.add(e3);
set.add(e4);
set.add(e5);
Iterator<Employee> iterator = set.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Employee employee = iterator.next();
System.out.println(employee);
}
}
}
|-自定义泛型类
泛型类:如果定义了泛型类,实例化没有指明类的泛型,则认为此泛型类型为Object类
泛型接口、泛型方法
例:
package com.atguigu.java;
//自定义泛型类
public class Order<T> {
String orderName;
int orderId;
//类的内部结构就可以使用类的泛型
T orderT;
public Order() {
}
;
public Order(String orderName, int orderId, T orderT) {
this.orderName = orderName;
this.orderId = orderId;
this.orderT = orderT;
}
public T getOrderT() {
return orderT;
}
public void setOrderT(T orderT) {
this.orderT = orderT;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Order{" +
"orderName='" + orderName + '\'' +
", orderId=" + orderId +
", orderT=" + orderT +
'}';
}
//静态方法中不能使用类的泛型。
// public static void show(T orderT) {
// System.out.println(orderT);
// }
}
package com.atguigu.java;
public class SubOrder extends Order<Integer> {//SubOrder:不是泛型类
}
package com.atguigu.java;
public class SubOrder1<T> extends Order<T> {//SubOrder1<T>:仍然是泛型类
}
package com.atguigu.java;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
//自定义泛型类、泛型接口
public class GenericTest1 {
@Test
public void test1() {
//泛型类:如果定义了泛型类,实例化没有指明类的泛型,则认为此泛型类型为Object类
//要求:定义了泛型类,实例化时要指明类的泛型
Order order = new Order();
order.setOrderT(123);
order.setOrderT("ABC");
Order<String> order1 = new Order<String>("orderAA", 1001, "orderAA");
order1.setOrderT("AA:hello");
}
@Test
public void test2() {
SubOrder sub1 = new SubOrder();
//由于子类在继承带泛型的父类时,指明了泛型类型,则实例化子类对象时,不再需要指明泛型
sub1.setOrderT(1122);
SubOrder1<String> sub2 = new SubOrder1<>();
sub2.setOrderT("order2.....");
}
@Test
public void test3() {
ArrayList<String> list1 = null;
ArrayList<Integer> list2 = null;
//泛型不同的引用不能相互赋值。
// list1 = list2;
}
}
注意:
①泛型不同的引用不能相互赋值
②静态方法中不能使用类的泛型
③异常类不能是泛型的
|-自定义泛型方法
①在方法中出现了泛型的结构,泛型参数与类的泛型参数没有任何关系,即泛型方法所属的类是不是泛型类没有关系
②泛型方法,可以声明为静态的。原因:泛型参数是在调用方法时确定的。并非在实例化类时确定
例:
package com.atguigu.java;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
//自定义泛型类
public class Order<T> {
public <E> List<E> copyFromArrayToList(E[] arr) {
ArrayList<E> list = new ArrayList<>();
for (E e : arr) {
list.add(e);
}
return list;
}
}
package com.atguigu.java;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
//自定义泛型类、泛型接口
public class GenericTest1 {
@Test
public void test4() {
Order<String> order = new Order<>();
Integer[] arr = new Integer[]{1, 2, 3};
//泛型方法在调用时,指明泛型参数的类型
List<Integer> list = order.copyFromArrayToList(arr);
System.out.println(list);
}
}
|-泛型在继承方面的体现
虽然类A是类B的父类,但是G<A>和G<B>二者不具备子父类关系,二者是并列关系
补充:类A是类B的父类,A<G>是B<G>的父类
例:
package com.atguigu.java2;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.AbstractList;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
public class GenericTest {
@Test
public void test1(){
Object obj = null;
String str = null;
obj = str;
Object[] arr1 = null;
String[] arr2 = null;
arr1 = arr2;
//编译不通过
// Date date = new Date();
// str = date;
List<Object> list1 = null;
List<String> list2 = new ArrayList<String>();
//此时的list1和list2的类型不具有子父类关系
//编译不通过
// list1 = list2;
/*
反证法:
假设list1 = list2;
list1.add(123);导致混入非String的数据。出错。
*/
show(list1);
show1(list2);
}
public void show1(List<String> list){
}
public void show(List<Object> list){
}
@Test
public void test2(){
AbstractList<String> list1 = null;
List<String> list2 = null;
ArrayList<String> list3 = null;
list1 = list3;
list2 = list3;
List<String> list4 = new ArrayList<>();
}
}
|-通配符的使用
通配符:?
类A是类B的父类,G<A>和G<B>是没有关系的,二者共同的父类是:G<?>
例:
package com.atguigu.java2;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
public class GenericTest {
@Test
public void test2() {
List<Object> list1 = null;
List<String> list2 = null;
List<?> list = null;
list = list1;
list = list2;
print(list1);
print(list2);
}
public void print(List<?> list) {
Iterator<?> iterator = list.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Object obj = iterator.next();
System.out.println(obj);
}
}
}
|-使用通配符后数据的读取和写入要求
添加(写入):对于list<?>就不能向其内部添加数据,除了添加null之外
获取(读取):允许读取数据,读取的数据类型为Object
例:
package com.atguigu.java2;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
public class GenericTest {
public void test2() {
List<Object> list1 = null;
List<String> list2 = null;
List<?> list = null;
list = list1;
list = list2;
ArrayList<String> list3 = new ArrayList<>();
list3.add("AA");
list3.add("BB");
list3.add("CC");
list = list3;
//添加(写入):对于list<?>就不能向其内部添加数据
//除了添加null之外
list.add(null);
//获取(读取):
Object o = list.get(0);
System.out.println(o);
}
}
|-有限制条件的通配符的使用
? extends A :
G<? extends A>可以作为G<A>和G<B>的父类,其中B是A的子类
? super A:
G<? super A>可以作为G<A>和G<B>的父类,其中B是A的父类
例:
package com.atguigu.java2;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class GenericTest {
@Test
public void test4() {
List<? extends Person> list1 = null;
List<? super Person> list2 = null;
List<Student> list3 = new ArrayList<Student>();
List<Person> list4 = new ArrayList<Person>();
List<Object> list5 = new ArrayList<Object>();
list1 = list3;
list1 = list4;
// list1 = list5;
// list2 = list3;
list2 = list4;
list2 = list5;
//读取数据:
list1 = list4;
Person p = list1.get(0);
list2 = list4;
Object obj = list2.get(0);
//写入数据:
// list2.add(new Person());
list2.add(new Student());
}
}
|-练习
例:
package com.atguigu.exer1;
import java.util.*;
public class DAO<T> {
private Map<String, T> map = new HashMap<>();
// 保存 T 类型的对象到 Map 成员变量中
public void save(String id, T entity) {
map.put(id, entity);
}
//从 map 中获取 id 对应的对象
public T get(String id) {
return map.get(id);
}
//替换 map 中key 为id 的内容,改为 entity 对象
public void update(String id, T entity) {
if (map.containsKey(id)) {
map.put(id, entity);
}
}
//返回 map 中存放的所有 T 对象
public List<T> list() {
//错误的
// Collection<T> values = map.values();
// return (List<T>)values;
//正确的
ArrayList<T> list = new ArrayList<>();
Collection<T> values = map.values();
for (T t : values) {
list.add(t);
}
return list;
}
//删除指定 id 对象
public void delete(String id) {
map.remove(id);
}
}
package com.atguigu.exer1;
public class User {
private int id;
private int age;
private String name;
public User() {
}
public User(int id, int age, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"id=" + id +
", age=" + age +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
User user = (User) o;
if (id != user.id) return false;
if (age != user.age) return false;
return name != null ? name.equals(user.name) : user.name == null;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int result = id;
result = 31 * result + age;
result = 31 * result + (name != null ? name.hashCode() : 0);
return result;
}
}
package com.atguigu.exer1;
import java.util.List;
public class DAOTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
DAO<User> dao = new DAO<User>();
dao.save("1001", new User(1001, 34, "周杰"));
dao.save("1002", new User(1002, 20, "昆凌"));
dao.save("1003", new User(1003, 25, "前女友们"));
dao.update("1003", new User(1003, 30, "蔡依林"));
dao.delete("1002");
List<User> list = dao.list();
list.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}