标准输入输出流和错误流
创建.c文件
$ vi cio.c
cio.c的内容如下，其中scanf为输入流，printf为输出流，&为取地址符
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("hello world!\n");
int a;
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("input value is : %d\n",a);
return 0;
}
进行编译
$ gcc cio.c
$ ls
a.out cio.c
$ ./a.out
hello world!
3
input value is : 3
实际上是包含stdin stdout stderr这三个文件的，以printf为例，它是已经封装好的。实际是用fprintf表示，首字母的f表示文件的意思
printf("please input the value a :\n");
fprintf(stdout,"please input the value a :\n");
同理，对于输入流
int a;
scanf("%d",&a);
fscanf(stdin,"%d",&a);
对于错误流
if(a<0){
printf(stderr,"the value must > 0");
return 1;
}
故总程序为
#include <stdio.h>
/*
stdin
stdout
stderr
*/
int main()
{
//printf("please input the value a :\n");
fprintf(stdout,"please input the value a :\n");
int a;
//scanf("%d",&a);
fscanf(stdin,"%d",&a);
if(a<0){
fprintf(stderr,"the value must > 0\n");
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
验证
$ gcc cio.c
$ ls
a.out cio.c
$ ./a.out
please input the value a :
2
$ ./a.out
please input the value a :
-3
the value must > 0
重定向机制
先编写一部分代码，实现i+j功能
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("input the int value i:\n");
int i,j;
scanf("%d",&i);
printf("input the int value j:\n");
scanf("%d",&j);
printf("i+j=%d\n",i+j);
return 0;
}
编译运行，得到i+j的值
$ gcc main.c
$ ls
a.out main.c
$ ./a.out
input the int value i:
3
input the int value j:
5
i+j=8
接下来我们查看到当前目录只有a.out和main.c文件，开始重定向>>，让我们的值不是默认输出到终端，而是输出到新的txt文件中
$ls
a.out main.c
$ ./a.out 1>> a.txt
3
5
//输入3,5之后没有数据显示
$ ls
a.out a.txt main.c
查看
$ cat a.txt
input the int value i:
input the int value j:
i+j=8
重定向也可以不用输入1，为双箭头，且每次的结果都保存在a.txt里面
./a.out 1>> a.txt
3
5
$ cat a.txt
input the int value i:
input the int value j:
i+j=8
$ ./a.out >> a.txt
3
4
$ cat a.txt
input the int value i:
input the int value j:
i+j=8
input the int value i:
input the int value j:
i+j=7
$ ./a.out >> a.txt
5 7
$ cat a.txt
input the int value i:
input the int value j:
i+j=8
input the int value i:
input the int value j:
i+j=7
input the int value i:
input the int value j:
i+j=12
同样也可以重定向etc
$ ls /etc
acpi initramfs-tools presage.xml
adduser.conf inputrc product-info
adjtime insserv profile
alsa insserv.conf profile.d
alternatives insserv.conf.d protocols
apache2 iproute2 proxychains4.conf
apm ipsec.conf pulse
apparmor.d ipsec.d python
appstore.json ipsec.secrets python2.7
apt issue python3
bash.bashrc issue.net python3.7
bash_completion kernel rarfiles.lst
bash_completion.d kernel-img.conf rc0.d
bindresvport.blacklist laptop-mode rc1.d
binfmt.d ldap rc2.d
bluetooth ld.so.cache rc3.d
ca-certificates ld.so.conf rc4.d
ca-certificates.conf ld.so.conf.d rc5.d
calendar libaudit.conf rc6.d
chatscripts libblockdev rcS.d
cron.d libibverbs.d rearj.cfg
cron.daily libnl-3 resolv.conf
cron.hourly libpaper.d rmt
cron.monthly libreoffice rpc
crontab lightdm rsyslog.conf
cron.weekly lighttpd rsyslog.d
cryptsetup-initramfs live samba
crypttab locale.alias sane.d
cups locale.gen securetty
dbus-1 localtime security
dde-dock logcheck selinux
debconf.conf login.defs sensors3.conf
debian_version logrotate.conf sensors.d
deepin logrotate.d services
deepin-authenticate lsb-release shadow
deepin-installer.conf lscolor-256color shadow-
deepin-version lvm shells
default machine-id skel
deluser.conf magic smartd.conf
dhcp magic.mime smartmontools
dictionaries-common mailcap smi.conf
dkms mailcap.order snmp
dpkg manpath.config ssh
emacs mdadm ssl
environment mime.types staff-group-for-usr-local
environment.d mke2fs.conf strongswan.conf
firefox-esr modprobe.d strongswan.d
fonts modules subgid
foomatic modules-load.d subgid-
fprintd.conf motd subuid
fstab mtab subuid-
fuse.conf mtools.conf sudoers
gai.conf mysql sudoers.d
gconf nanorc sysctl.conf
geoclue netconfig sysctl.d
ghostscript network systemd
gimp NetworkManager terminfo
glvnd networks thunderbird
GNUstep nilfs_cleanerd.conf timezone
groff nsswitch.conf tmpfiles.d
group openal ucf.conf
group- openvpn udev
grub.d opt udisks2
gshadow os-release ufw
gshadow- ostree UPower
gss os-version usb_modeswitch.conf
gtk-2.0 pam.conf usb_modeswitch.d
gtk-3.0 pam.d vdpau_wrapper.cfg
hdparm.conf papersize vim
host.conf passwd vpnc
hostname passwd- vulkan
hosts pbis wgetrc
hosts.allow perl wireshark
hosts.deny plymouth wpa_supplicant
hp pnm2ppa.conf X11
ifplugd polkit-1 xattr.conf
ImageMagick-6 power xdg
init.d ppp xl2tpd
$ ls /etc >> etc.txt
$ ls
a.out a.txt etc.txt main.c
如果我们重定向了两次，在txt文件里会显示两份内容，那么可以修改为单箭头，则只保留最新的。
$ ls /etc > etc.txt
这里我们试一下输入流
编写一个输入的txt文件，内容为6 8
vi input.txt
$ cat input.txt
6
8
执行a.out文件，可以直接读取input.txt的内容从而得到结果
$ ./a.out < input.txt
input the int value i:
input the int value j:
i+j=14
那么对于错误流
先删除所有的.out和.txt文件
$ rm a.out
$ ls
a.txt etc.txt input.txt main.c
$ rm *.txt
$ ls
main.c
修改main.c函数内容，让j=0时会报错
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("input the int value i:\n");
int i,j;
scanf("%d",&i);
printf("input the int value j:\n");
scanf("%d",&j);
if(0!=j) {
printf("%d/%d=%d\n",i,j,i/j);
}else{
fprintf(stderr,"j != 0\n");
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
编译，发现j=0的时候输出对应错误信息
$ gcc main.c
$ ./a.out
input the int value i:
8
input the int value j:
4
8/4=2
$ echo $?
0
$ ./a.out
input the int value i:
8
input the int value j:
0
j != 0
$ echo $?
1
将正确结果和错误结果分别导出到txt文件里
$ ./a.out 1>true.txt 2>false.txt
4
0
$ ls
a.out false.txt main.c true.txt
$ cat true.txt
input the int value i:
input the int value j:
$ cat false.txt
j != 0
当然也可以输入，但是我们的input.txt还没有创建，所以会显示如下结果，所以我们可以先创建input.txt文件，就可以正常执行
$ ./a.out 1>true.txt 2>false.txt <input.txt
$ ls
a.out false.txt main.c true.txt
$ cat true.txt
$ cat false.txt
bash: input.txt: 没有那个文件或目录
管道原理及应用
实际就是前一个命令的输出流作为后一个命令的输入流，命令之间用 | 隔开
举个例子
$ ls /etc/
acpi initramfs-tools presage.xml
adduser.conf inputrc product-info
adjtime insserv profile
alsa insserv.conf profile.d
alternatives insserv.conf.d protocols
apache2 iproute2 proxychains4.conf
apm ipsec.conf pulse
apparmor.d ipsec.d python
appstore.json ipsec.secrets python2.7
apt issue python3
bash.bashrc issue.net python3.7
bash_completion kernel rarfiles.lst
bash_completion.d kernel-img.conf rc0.d
bindresvport.blacklist laptop-mode rc1.d
binfmt.d ldap rc2.d
bluetooth ld.so.cache rc3.d
ca-certificates ld.so.conf rc4.d
ca-certificates.conf ld.so.conf.d rc5.d
calendar libaudit.conf rc6.d
chatscripts libblockdev rcS.d
cron.d libibverbs.d rearj.cfg
cron.daily libnl-3 resolv.conf
cron.hourly libpaper.d rmt
cron.monthly libreoffice rpc
crontab lightdm rsyslog.conf
cron.weekly lighttpd rsyslog.d
cryptsetup-initramfs live samba
crypttab locale.alias sane.d
cups locale.gen securetty
dbus-1 localtime security
dde-dock logcheck selinux
debconf.conf login.defs sensors3.conf
debian_version logrotate.conf sensors.d
deepin logrotate.d services
deepin-authenticate lsb-release shadow
deepin-installer.conf lscolor-256color shadow-
deepin-version lvm shells
default machine-id skel
deluser.conf magic smartd.conf
dhcp magic.mime smartmontools
dictionaries-common mailcap smi.conf
dkms mailcap.order snmp
dpkg manpath.config ssh
emacs mdadm ssl
environment mime.types staff-group-for-usr-local
environment.d mke2fs.conf strongswan.conf
firefox-esr modprobe.d strongswan.d
fonts modules subgid
foomatic modules-load.d subgid-
fprintd.conf motd subuid
fstab mtab subuid-
fuse.conf mtools.conf sudoers
gai.conf mysql sudoers.d
gconf nanorc sysctl.conf
geoclue netconfig sysctl.d
ghostscript network systemd
gimp NetworkManager terminfo
glvnd networks thunderbird
GNUstep nilfs_cleanerd.conf timezone
groff nsswitch.conf tmpfiles.d
group openal ucf.conf
group- openvpn udev
grub.d opt udisks2
gshadow os-release ufw
gshadow- ostree UPower
gss os-version usb_modeswitch.conf
gtk-2.0 pam.conf usb_modeswitch.d
gtk-3.0 pam.d vdpau_wrapper.cfg
hdparm.conf papersize vim
host.conf passwd vpnc
hostname passwd- vulkan
hosts pbis wgetrc
hosts.allow perl wireshark
hosts.deny plymouth wpa_supplicant
hp pnm2ppa.conf X11
ifplugd polkit-1 xattr.conf
ImageMagick-6 power xdg
init.d ppp xl2tpd
$ ls /etc/ | grep ab
crontab
crypttab
fstab
mtab
这里就将ls /etc/ 终端的内容传输到grep 并查询其中包含ab的文件
查看当前进程有没有ssh，可以输入，表示linux系统有ssh
$ ps -e | grep ssh
7515 ? 00:00:00 sshd
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