Python中文文本分析基础

一. 中文文本分析相关库

1. 中文分词jieba库

(1). jieba库概述

jieba是优秀的中文分词第三方库

(2). jieba库安装

(3). jieba分词原理

jieba分词利用中文词库

(4). jieba库的使用说明

jieba分词的三种模式

1. 精确模式

把文本精确的切分开，不存在冗余单词

2. 全模式

把文本中所有可能词语都扫描出来，有冗余

3. 搜索引擎模式

在精确模式的基础上，对长词再次切分

(5). jieba库常用函数

2. 词云绘制worldcloud库

(1). worldcloud库概述

(2). worldcloud库安装

(3). worldcloud库使用说明

wordcloud库把词云当作一个WordCloud对象

(4). wordcloud库常规方法

1. 举例：

import wordcloud

# 步骤一：配置对象参数
c = wordcloud.WordCloud()   
# 步骤二：加载词云文本
c.generate("wordcloud by Python")
# 步骤三：输出词云文件
c.to_file("pywordcloud.png")

2. 分析：

(5). 配置对象参数

1. 举例1

import wordcloud
txt = "life is short,you need python"
w = wordcloud.WordCloud(background_color="white")
w.generate(txt)
w.to_file("pywordcloud1.png")

2. 实例2

import jieba
import wordcloud
txt = "程序设计语言是计算机能够理解和识别用户\
    操作意图的一种交互体系，它按照特定规则组织计算机指令，\
    使计算机能够自动进行各种运算处理"
w = wordcloud.WordCloud(width=1000,font_path="msyh.ttc",height=700)
w.generate(" ".join(jieba.lcut(txt)))
w.to_file("pywordcloud2.png")

(6). 政府工作报告词云

#GovRptWordCloudv1.py
import jieba
import wordcloud
f = open("新时代中国特色社会主义.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")

t = f.read()
f.close()
ls = jieba.lcut(t)

txt = " ".join(ls)
w = wordcloud.WordCloud( \
    width = 1000, height = 700,\
    background_color = "white",
    font_path = "msyh.ttc"    
    )
w.generate(txt)
w.to_file("grwordcloud.png")

#GovRptWordCloudv2.py
import jieba
import wordcloud
from imageio import imread
mask = imread("fivestar.png")
#excludes = { }
f = open("新时代中国特色社会主义.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")
t = f.read()
f.close()
ls = jieba.lcut(t)
txt = " ".join(ls)
w = wordcloud.WordCloud(\
    width = 1000, height = 700,\
    background_color = "white",
    font_path = "msyh.ttc", mask = mask
    )
w.generate(txt)
w.to_file("grwordcloudm.png")

3. 社交关系网络networkx库

二. 文本词频统计

1. 文本词频统计问题分析

需求：一篇文章，出现了哪些词？哪些词出现的最多？

做法：先判断文章是英文的还是中文的

2. 文本词频统计实例

3. hamlet英文词频统计实例

#CalHamletV1.py
def getText():
    txt = open("hamlet.txt", "r").read()
    txt = txt.lower()
    for ch in '!"#$%&()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_‘{|}~':
        txt = txt.replace(ch, " ")   #将文本中特殊字符替换为空格
    return txt

hamletTxt = getText()
words  = hamletTxt.split()
counts = {}
for word in words:			
    counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1 #判断获取的词是否在字典中，默认为0
items = list(counts.items())    #转换为列表类型
items.sort(key=lambda x:x[1], reverse=True)     #进行按照键值对的2个元素的第二个元素进行排序
for i in range(10):
    word, count = items[i]
    print ("{0:<10}{1:>5}".format(word, count))

结果：
the        1138
and         965
to          754
of          669
you         550
i           542
a           542
my          514
hamlet      462
in          436

4. 三国演义人物出场统计实例

(1). 代码一

#CalThreeKingdomsV1.py
import jieba
txt = open("threekingdoms.txt", "r", encoding='utf-8').read()
words  = jieba.lcut(txt)    #分词处理，形参列表
counts = {}     #构造字典
for word in words:
    if len(word) == 1:
        continue
    else:
        counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1
items = list(counts.items())    #转换为列表类型
items.sort(key=lambda x:x[1], reverse=True) 
for i in range(15):
    word, count = items[i]
    print ("{0:<10}{1:>5}".format(word, count))

结果：
曹操          953
孔明          836
将军          772
却说          656
玄德          585
关公          510
丞相          491
二人          469
不可          440
荆州          425
玄德曰         390
孔明曰         390
不能          384
如此          378
张飞          358

(2). 代码二升级版

#CalThreeKingdomsV2.py
import jieba
excludes = {"将军","却说","荆州","二人","不可","不能","如此"}   #将确定不是人名的取出掉
txt = open("threekingdoms.txt", "r", encoding='utf-8').read()
words  = jieba.lcut(txt)
counts = {}
for word in words:
    if len(word) == 1:
        continue
    elif word == "诸葛亮" or word == "孔明曰":  #进行人名关联
        rword = "孔明"
    elif word == "关公" or word == "云长":
        rword = "关羽"
    elif word == "玄德" or word == "玄德曰":
        rword = "刘备"
    elif word == "孟德" or word == "丞相":
        rword = "曹操"
    else:
        rword = word
    counts[rword] = counts.get(rword,0) + 1
for word in excludes:
    del counts[word]
items = list(counts.items())
items.sort(key=lambda x:x[1], reverse=True) 
for i in range(10):
    word, count = items[i]
    print ("{0:<10}{1:>5}".format(word, count))

结果：
曹操         1451
孔明         1383
刘备         1252
关羽          784
张飞          358
商议          344
如何          338
主公          331
军士          317
吕布          300