Android源码分析—带你认识不一样的AsyncTask

               

转载请注明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/singwhatiwanna/article/details/17596225

前言

什么是AsyncTask,相信搞过android开发的朋友们都不陌生。AsyncTask内部封装了Thread和Handler,可以让我们在后台进行计算并且把计算的结果及时更新到UI上,而这些正是Thread+Handler所做的事情,没错,AsyncTask的作用就是简化Thread+Handler,让我们能够通过更少的代码来完成一样的功能,这里,我要说明的是:AsyncTask只是简化Thread+Handler而不是替代,实际上它也替代不了。同时,AsyncTask从最开始到现在已经经过了几次代码修改,任务的执行逻辑慢慢地发生了改变,并不是大家所想象的那样:AsyncTask是完全并行执行的就像多个线程一样,其实不是的,所以用AsyncTask的时候还是要注意,下面会一一说明。另外本文主要是分析AsyncTask的源代码以及使用时候的一些注意事项,如果你还不熟悉AsyncTask,请先阅读android之AsyncTask 来了解其基本用法。

这里先给出AsyncTask的一个例子:

private class DownloadFilesTask extends AsyncTask<URL, Integer, Long> {     protected Long doInBackground(URL... urls) {         int count = urls.length;         long totalSize = 0;         for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {             totalSize += Downloader.downloadFile(urls[i]);             publishProgress((int) ((i / (float) count) * 100));             // Escape early if cancel() is called             if (isCancelled()) break;         }         return totalSize;     }     protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... progress) {         setProgressPercent(progress[0]);     }     protected void onPostExecute(Long result) {         showDialog("Downloaded " + result + " bytes");     } }

使用AsyncTask的规则

  • AsyncTask的类必须在UI线程加载(从4.1开始系统会帮我们自动完成)
  • AsyncTask对象必须在UI线程创建
  • execute方法必须在UI线程调用
  • 不要在你的程序中去直接调用onPreExecute(), onPostExecute, doInBackground, onProgressUpdate方法
  • 一个AsyncTask对象只能执行一次,即只能调用一次execute方法,否则会报运行时异常
  • AsyncTask不是被设计为处理耗时操作的,耗时上限为几秒钟,如果要做长耗时操作,强烈建议你使用Executor,ThreadPoolExecutor以及FutureTask
  • 在1.6之前,AsyncTask是串行执行任务的,1.6的时候AsyncTask开始采用线程池里处理并行任务,但是从3.0开始,为了避免AsyncTask所带来的并发错误,AsyncTask又采用一个线程来串行执行任务

AsyncTask到底是串行还是并行?

给大家做一下实验,请看如下实验代码:代码很简单,就是点击按钮的时候同时执行5个AsyncTask,每个AsyncTask休眠3s,同时把每个AsyncTask执行结束的时间打印出来,这样我们就能观察出到底是串行执行还是并行执行。

    @Override    public void onClick(View v) {        if (v == mButton) {            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#1").execute("");            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#2").execute("");            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#3").execute("");            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#4").execute("");            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#5").execute("");        }    }    private static class MyAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, String> {        private String mName = "AsyncTask";        public MyAsyncTask(String name) {            super();            mName = name;        }        @Override        protected String doInBackground(String... params) {            try {                Thread.sleep(3000);            } catch (InterruptedException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }            return mName;        }        @Override        protected void onPostExecute(String result) {            super.onPostExecute(result);            SimpleDateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");            Log.e(TAG, result + "execute finish at " + df.format(new Date()));        }    }
我找了2个手机,系统分别是4.1.1和2.3.3,按照我前面的描述,AsyncTask在4.1.1应该是串行的,在2.3.3应该是并行的,到底是不是这样呢?请看Log

Android 4.1.1上执行:从下面Log可以看出,5个AsyncTask共耗时15s且时间间隔为3s,很显然是串行执行的


Android 2.3.3上执行:从下面Log可以看出,5个AsyncTask的结束时间是一样的,很显然是并行执行


结论:从上面的两个Log可以看出,我前面的描述是完全正确的。下面请看源码,让我们去了解下其中的原理。

源码分析

/* * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */package android.os;import java.util.ArrayDeque;import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;import java.util.concurrent.Callable;import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;import java.util.concurrent.Executor;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;public abstract class AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> {    private static final String LOG_TAG = "AsyncTask"//获取当前的cpu核心数    private static final int CPU_COUNT = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(); //线程池核心容量    private static final int CORE_POOL_SIZE = CPU_COUNT + 1//线程池最大容量    private static final int MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE = CPU_COUNT * 2 + 1//过剩的空闲线程的存活时间    private static final int KEEP_ALIVE = 1//ThreadFactory 线程工厂,通过工厂方法newThread来获取新线程    private static final ThreadFactory sThreadFactory = new ThreadFactory() {  //原子整数,可以在超高并发下正常工作        private final AtomicInteger mCount = new AtomicInteger(1);        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {            return new Thread(r, "AsyncTask #" + mCount.getAndIncrement());        }    }; //静态阻塞式队列,用来存放待执行的任务,初始容量:128个    private static final BlockingQueue<Runnable> sPoolWorkQueue =            new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(128);    /**     * 静态并发线程池,可以用来并行执行任务,尽管从3.0开始,AsyncTask默认是串行执行任务  * 但是我们仍然能构造出并行的AsyncTask     */    public static final Executor THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR            = new ThreadPoolExecutor(CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE,                    TimeUnit.SECONDS, sPoolWorkQueue, sThreadFactory);    /**     * 静态串行任务执行器,其内部实现了串行控制,  * 循环的取出一个个任务交给上述的并发线程池去执行     */    public static final Executor SERIAL_EXECUTOR = new SerialExecutor(); //消息类型:发送结果    private static final int MESSAGE_POST_RESULT = 0x1//消息类型:更新进度    private static final int MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS = 0x2/**静态Handler,用来发送上述两种通知,采用UI线程的Looper来处理消息  * 这就是为什么AsyncTask必须在UI线程调用,因为子线程  * 默认没有Looper无法创建下面的Handler,程序会直接Crash  */    private static final InternalHandler sHandler = new InternalHandler(); //默认任务执行器,被赋值为串行任务执行器,就是它,AsyncTask变成串行的了    private static volatile Executor sDefaultExecutor = SERIAL_EXECUTOR; //如下两个变量我们先不要深究,不影响我们对整体逻辑的理解    private final WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> mWorker;    private final FutureTask<Result> mFuture; //任务的状态 默认为挂起,即等待执行,其类型标识为易变的(volatile)    private volatile Status mStatus = Status.PENDING;    //原子布尔型,支持高并发访问,标识任务是否被取消    private final AtomicBoolean mCancelled = new AtomicBoolean(); //原子布尔型,支持高并发访问,标识任务是否被执行过    private final AtomicBoolean mTaskInvoked = new AtomicBoolean(); /*串行执行器的实现,我们要好好看看,它是怎么把并行转为串行的  *目前我们需要知道,asyncTask.execute(Params ...)实际上会调用  *SerialExecutor的execute方法,这一点后面再说明。也就是说:当你的asyncTask执行的时候,  *首先你的task会被加入到任务队列,然后排队,一个个执行  */    private static class SerialExecutor implements Executor {  //线性双向队列,用来存储所有的AsyncTask任务        final ArrayDeque<Runnable> mTasks = new ArrayDeque<Runnable>();  //当前正在执行的AsyncTask任务        Runnable mActive;        public synchronized void execute(final Runnable r) {   //将新的AsyncTask任务加入到双向队列中            mTasks.offer(new Runnable() {                public void run() {                    try {      //执行AsyncTask任务                        r.run();                    } finally {      //当前AsyncTask任务执行完毕后,进行下一轮执行,如果还有未执行任务的话      //这一点很明显体现了AsyncTask是串行执行任务的,总是一个任务执行完毕才会执行下一个任务                        scheduleNext();                    }                }            });   //如果当前没有任务在执行,直接进入执行逻辑            if (mActive == null) {                scheduleNext();            }        }        protected synchronized void scheduleNext() {   //从任务队列中取出队列头部的任务,如果有就交给并发线程池去执行            if ((mActive = mTasks.poll()) != null) {                THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(mActive);            }        }    }    /**     * 任务的三种状态     */    public enum Status {        /**         * 任务等待执行         */        PENDING,        /**         * 任务正在执行         */        RUNNING,        /**         * 任务已经执行结束         */        FINISHED,    }    /** 隐藏API:在UI线程中调用,用来初始化Handler */    public static void init() {        sHandler.getLooper();    }    /** 隐藏API:为AsyncTask设置默认执行器 */    public static void setDefaultExecutor(Executor exec) {        sDefaultExecutor = exec;    }    /**     * Creates a new asynchronous task. This constructor must be invoked on the UI thread.     */    public AsyncTask() {        mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {            public Result call() throws Exception {                mTaskInvoked.set(true);                Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);                //noinspection unchecked                return postResult(doInBackground(mParams));            }        };        mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {            @Override            protected void done() {                try {                    postResultIfNotInvoked(get());                } catch (InterruptedException e) {                    android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);                } catch (ExecutionException e) {                    throw new RuntimeException("An error occured while executing doInBackground()",                            e.getCause());                } catch (CancellationException e) {                    postResultIfNotInvoked(null);                }            }        };    }    private void postResultIfNotInvoked(Result result) {        final boolean wasTaskInvoked = mTaskInvoked.get();        if (!wasTaskInvoked) {            postResult(result);        }    } //doInBackground执行完毕,发送消息    private Result postResult(Result result) {        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")        Message message = sHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,                new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));        message.sendToTarget();        return result;    }    /**     * 返回任务的状态     */    public final Status getStatus() {        return mStatus;    }    /**  * 这个方法是我们必须要重写的,用来做后台计算  * 所在线程:后台线程     */    protected abstract Result doInBackground(Params... params);    /**  * 在doInBackground之前调用,用来做初始化工作  * 所在线程:UI线程     */    protected void onPreExecute() {    }    /**  * 在doInBackground之后调用,用来接受后台计算结果更新UI  * 所在线程:UI线程     */    protected void onPostExecute(Result result) {    }    /**     * Runs on the UI thread after {@link #publishProgress} is invoked.     /**  * 在publishProgress之后调用,用来更新计算进度  * 所在线程:UI线程     */    protected void onProgressUpdate(Progress... values) {    }     /**  * cancel被调用并且doInBackground执行结束,会调用onCancelled,表示任务被取消  * 这个时候onPostExecute不会再被调用,二者是互斥的,分别表示任务取消和任务执行完成  * 所在线程:UI线程     */    @SuppressWarnings({"UnusedParameters"})    protected void onCancelled(Result result) {        onCancelled();    }            protected void onCancelled() {    }    public final boolean isCancelled() {        return mCancelled.get();    }    public final boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {        mCancelled.set(true);        return mFuture.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning);    }    public final Result get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {        return mFuture.get();    }    public final Result get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException,            ExecutionException, TimeoutException {        return mFuture.get(timeout, unit);    }    /**     * 这个方法如何执行和系统版本有关,在AsyncTask的使用规则里已经说明,如果你真的想使用并行AsyncTask,  * 也是可以的,只要稍作修改  * 必须在UI线程调用此方法     */    public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> execute(Params... params) {  //串行执行        return executeOnExecutor(sDefaultExecutor, params);  //如果我们想并行执行,这样改就行了,当然这个方法我们没法改  //return executeOnExecutor(THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR, params);    }    /**     * 通过这个方法我们可以自定义AsyncTask的执行方式,串行or并行,甚至可以采用自己的Executor  * 为了实现并行,我们可以在外部这么用AsyncTask:  * asyncTask.executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR, Params... params);  * 必须在UI线程调用此方法     */    public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec,            Params... params) {        if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) {            switch (mStatus) {                case RUNNING:                    throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"                            + " the task is already running.");                case FINISHED:                    throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"                            + " the task has already been executed "                            + "(a task can be executed only once)");            }        }        mStatus = Status.RUNNING;  //这里#onPreExecute会最先执行        onPreExecute();        mWorker.mParams = params;  //然后后台计算#doInBackground才真正开始        exec.execute(mFuture);  //接着会有#onProgressUpdate被调用,最后是#onPostExecute        return this;    }    /**     * 这是AsyncTask提供的一个静态方法,方便我们直接执行一个runnable     */    public static void execute(Runnable runnable) {        sDefaultExecutor.execute(runnable);    }    /**  * 打印后台计算进度,onProgressUpdate会被调用     */    protected final void publishProgress(Progress... values) {        if (!isCancelled()) {            sHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS,                    new AsyncTaskResult<Progress>(this, values)).sendToTarget();        }    } //任务结束的时候会进行判断,如果任务没有被取消,则onPostExecute会被调用    private void finish(Result result) {        if (isCancelled()) {            onCancelled(result);        } else {            onPostExecute(result);        }        mStatus = Status.FINISHED;    } //AsyncTask内部Handler,用来发送后台计算进度更新消息和计算完成消息    private static class InternalHandler extends Handler {        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "RawUseOfParameterizedType"})        @Override        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {            AsyncTaskResult result = (AsyncTaskResult) msg.obj;            switch (msg.what) {                case MESSAGE_POST_RESULT:                    // There is only one result                    result.mTask.finish(result.mData[0]);                    break;                case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS:                    result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData);                    break;            }        }    }    private static abstract class WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> implements Callable<Result> {        Params[] mParams;    }    @SuppressWarnings({"RawUseOfParameterizedType"})    private static class AsyncTaskResult<Data> {        final AsyncTask mTask;        final Data[] mData;        AsyncTaskResult(AsyncTask task, Data... data) {            mTask = task;            mData = data;        }    }}

让你的AsyncTask在3.0以上的系统中并行起来

通过上面的源码分析,我已经给出了在3.0以上系统中让AsyncTask并行执行的方法,现在,让我们来试一试,代码还是之前采用的测试代码,我们要稍作修改,调用AsyncTask的executeOnExecutor方法而不是execute,请看:

    @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.HONEYCOMB)    @Override    public void onClick(View v) {        if (v == mButton) {            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#1").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,"");            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#2").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,"");            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#3").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,"");            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#4").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,"");            new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#5").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,"");        }    }    private static class MyAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, String> {        private String mName = "AsyncTask";        public MyAsyncTask(String name) {            super();            mName = name;        }        @Override        protected String doInBackground(String... params) {            try {                Thread.sleep(3000);            } catch (InterruptedException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }            return mName;        }        @Override        protected void onPostExecute(String result) {            super.onPostExecute(result);            SimpleDateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");            Log.e(TAG, result + "execute finish at " + df.format(new Date()));        }    }
下面是系统为4.1.1手机打印出的Log:很显然,我们的目的达到了,成功的让AsyncTask在4.1.1的手机上并行起来了,很高兴吧!希望这篇文章对你有用。



           
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