Ajax总结


一、基本使用

示例:基本js文件

//1.引入express
const express = require('express');
//2.创建应用对象
const app = express();
//3.创建路由规则
app.get('/',(request,response)=>{
    response.send("Hello");
});
//4.启动监听器
app.listen(8000,()=>{
    console.log("stat!");
});

示例:服务启动方式

//1.安装nodejs;
//2.创建项目文件夹,使用vscode打开文件夹
//3.在vscode中建立js文件HTML文件和其他文件夹
//4.在最外侧文件夹打开运行终端,输入代码如下
npm init --yes
//5.引入express,代码如下
npm i -g express
//6.启动js服务
node 你建立的js文件名称.js

二、原生Ajax

1.Get请求

html代码如下(示例):

<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        <style>
            #result{
                width: 200px;
                height: 200px;
                border:solid 1px deeppink;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <button>send</button>
        <div id="result"></div>
        <script>
            //获取butten元素
            const btn = document.getElementsByTagName("button")[0];
            const result = document.getElementById('result');
            //绑定事件
            btn.onclick = function(){
                //  console.log('test');
                //1.创建对象
                const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
                //2.初始化 设置请求方法和url
                xhr.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1:8000/server');
                //3.发送
                xhr.send();
                //4.事件绑定 处理服务返回结果
                xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){
                    //判断所有状态
                    if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                       //处理成功结果
                        if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300){
                            // console.log('success');
                            result.innerHTML = xhr.response;
                        }
                    }
                };
            }
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

js中添加代码如下(示例):

const axios = require('axios');
app.get('/server',(request,response)=>{
    //响应头 设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin","*");
    //响应体
    response.send("Hello");
});

2.Post请求

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        <style>
            #result{
                width: 200px;
                height: 200px;
                border:solid 1px deeppink;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div id="result"></div>
        <script>
            const result = document.getElementById('result');
            result.addEventListener("mouseover",function(){
                // console.log('success');
                //1.创建对象
                const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
                //2.初始化
                xhr.open('POST','http://127.0.0.1:8000/server1');
                //3.发送
                xhr.send();
                //4.处理
                xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){
                    if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                        if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300){
                            result.innerHTML = xhr.response;
                            
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

js中添加代码如下(示例):

app.post('/server1',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin","*");
    response.send('Hello');
});

3.JSON转换

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        <style>
            #result{
                width: 200px;
                height: 200px;
                border:solid 1px deeppink;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div id="result"></div>
        <script>
            const result = document.getElementById('result');
            window.onkeydown = function(){
                // console.log('test');
                const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
                xhr.responseType = 'json';
                xhr.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1:8000/json-server');
                xhr.send();
                xhr.onreadystatechange = function (){
                    if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                        if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300){
                            // console.log(xhr.response);
                            // result.innerHTML = xhr.response;
                            //手动转换JSON
                            // let data = JSON.parse(xhr.response);
                            // result.innerHTML = data.name;
                            // console.log(data);
                            //自动转换
                            result.innerHTML = xhr.response.name;
                            console.log(xhr.response);
                        }
                    }
                }
            };
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

js中添加代码如下(示例):

app.all('/json-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    // response.send('Hello');
    const data = {
        'name':'lili'
    };
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    response.send(str);
});

4.IE缓存问题

IE浏览器在重复发送网页上某一个请求时,会优先从本地缓存中调取。
解决方法:

在XMLHttpRequest对象的open方法的url属性后拼接 +’/ie?’+Date.now()

5.请求超时处理

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        <style>
            #result{
                width: 200px;
                height: 200px;
                border:solid 1px deeppink;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <button>send</button>
        <div id="result"></div>
        <script>
            //获取butten元素
            const btn = document.getElementsByTagName("button")[0];
            const result = document.getElementById('result');
            //绑定事件
            btn.onclick = function(){
                //  console.log('test');
                //1.创建对象
                const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
                //超时设置 2s
                xhr.timeout = '2000';
                //超时回调
                xhr.ontimeout = function(){
                    alert('请求超时');
                };
                //网路异常处理
                xhr.onerror = function(){
                    alert('网络异常');
                };
                //2.初始化 设置请求方法和url
                xhr.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1:8000/overtime');
                //3.发送
                xhr.send();
                //4.事件绑定 处理服务返回结果
                xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){
                    //判断所有状态
                    if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                       //处理成功结果
                        if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300){
                            // console.log('success');
                            result.innerHTML = xhr.response;
                        }
                    }
                };
            }
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

js中添加代码如下(示例):

app.get('/overtime',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    setTimeout(()=>{
        response.send('Hello')
    },3000);
});

6.取消请求

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        <style>
            #result{
                width: 200px;
                height: 200px;
                border:solid 1px deeppink;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <button>点击发送</button>
        <button>点击取消</button>
        <script>
            const btns = document.querySelectorAll('button');
            let xhr = null;
            btns[0].onclick = function(){ 
                xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
                xhr.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1:8000/overtime');
                xhr.send();
            };
            btns[1].onclick = function(){
            	//取消请求
                xhr.abort();
            };
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

7.重复请求

多次重复请求会占用资源,我们只需要最新的请求即可

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        <style>
            #result{
                width: 200px;
                height: 200px;
                border:solid 1px deeppink;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <button>点击发送</button>
        <script>
            const btns = document.querySelectorAll('button');
            let xhr = null;
            //标志
            let flage = false;//是否正在发送ajax请求
            btns[0].onclick = function(){ 
                if(flage) xhr.abort();
                xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
                flage = true;
                xhr.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1:8000/overtime');
                xhr.send();
                xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){
                    if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                        flage = false;
                    }
                };
            };
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

三、使用Jquery发送ajax请求

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        //引入bootstart模板
        <link crossorigin="anonymous" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/twitter-bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
        //引入jQuery
        <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
        <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/5.0.2/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <h2 class="page-header">JQuery发送AJAX请求</h2>
            <button class="btn btn-primary">GET</button>
            <button class="btn btn-danger">POST</button>
            <button class="btn btn-info">通用型方法ajax</button>
            <input type="text" class="form-control" disabled>
        </div>
        
        <script>
            $('button').eq(0).click(function(){
                $.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/jquery-server',{a:100,b:200},function(data){
                    console.log(data);
                },'json');
            });
            $('button').eq(1).click(function(){
                $.post('http://127.0.0.1:8000/jquery-server',{a:100,b:200},function(data){
                    console.log(data);
                },'json');
            });
            $('button').eq(2).click(function(){
                $.ajax({
                    //url
                    url: 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/overtime',
                    //参数
                    data: {a:100,b:200},
                    //响应体类型
                    dataType: 'json',
                    //请求类型
                    type: 'GET',
                    //响应成功的回调
                    success: function(data){
                        console.log(data);
                    },
                    error: function(){
                        alert('别看了');
                    },
                    timeout: 2000
                });
            });
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

js中添加代码如下(示例):

app.all('/jquery-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    // response.send('Hello');
    const data = {
        'name':'lili'
    };
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    response.send(str);
});

四、Axios发送Ajax请求

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        <link crossorigin="anonymous" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/twitter-bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
        <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
        <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/5.0.2/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
        <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/axios/0.21.1/axios.js"></script>
    </head>
    <body>
            <button class="btn btn-primary">GET</button>
            <button class="btn btn-danger">POST</button>
            <button class="btn btn-info">ajax</button>
        <script>
            //公共url
            axios.defaults.baseURL= 'http://127.0.0.1:8000';
            const button = document.querySelectorAll('button');
            button[0].onclick = function(){
                axios.get('/axios-server', {
                    params: {
                        id:0
                    }
                })
                .then(function (response) {
                    console.log(response);
                })
                .catch(function (error) {
                })
            };
            button[1].onclick = function(){
                axios.post('/axios-server', {username:100,pass:200},{
                    params: {
                        id:0
                    }
                })
                .then(function (response) {
                    console.log(response);
                })
                .catch(function (error) {
                })
            };
            button[2].onclick = function(){
                axios({
                    method:'post',
                    url: '/axios-server',
                    data: {
                        id:'/axios-server'
                    },
                    params: {
                        a:100,
                        b:200
                    },
                    headers: {
                        h:100
                    },
                }).then((response)=>{
                    console.log(response);
                })
            };
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

js中添加代码如下(示例):

app.all('/axios-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    response.send('Hello');
});

五、fetch函数发送Ajax请求

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <button>测试</button>
        <script>
            //获取butten元素
            const btn = document.getElementsByTagName("button")[0];
            btn.onclick = function(){
                fetch('http://127.0.0.1:8000/fetch-server',{
                    method: 'POST',
                    headers: {
                        a:100
                    },
                    body: 'a=100&b=200'
                }).then((res)=>{
                    // console.log(res);
                    return res.text();
                    // return res.json();
                }).then((res)=>{
                    console.log(res);
                });
            };
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

js中添加代码如下(示例):

app.all('/fetch-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    response.send('Hello');
});

6、JSONP发送Ajax请求

1.非官方版JSONP

原理:获取自动生成的callback函数名,使用callback函数

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        <link crossorigin="anonymous" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/twitter-bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
        <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
        <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/5.0.2/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
        <style>
            #result{
                width: 200px;
                height: 300px;
                border: solid 10px pink;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <!-- <input type="button" name="获取" id="button" class="btn btn-primary"> -->
        <button class="btn btn-primary">获取</button>
        <div id="result"></div>
        <script>
            $('button').eq(0).click(function(){
                $.getJSON('http://127.0.0.1:8000/jquery-jsonp-server?callback=?',function(response){
                    $('#result').html(`
                    名称:${response.name}<br>
                    CODE:${response.code}
                    `);
                    console.log(response);
                });
            });
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

js中添加代码如下(示例):

app.all('/jquery-jsonp-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    // response.send('Hello');
    const data = {
        name:'ll',
        code:['1','2','3']
    }
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    let callback = request.query.callback;
    // response.send(str);
    response.end(`${callback}(${str})`);
});

2.官方JSONP(cors)

html代码如下(示例):

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"
        <title>测试</title>
        <link crossorigin="anonymous" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/twitter-bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
        <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
        <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/5.0.2/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
        <style>
            #result{
                width: 200px;
                height: 100px;
                border: solid 10px pink;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <button class="btn btn-primary">获取</button>
        <div id="result"></div>
        <script>
            const btn = document.querySelector('button');
            const result = document.getElementById('result');
            btn.onclick = function(){
                const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
                xhr.open('get','http://127.0.0.1:8000/cors-server');
                xhr.send();
                xhr.onreadystatechange = ()=>{
                    if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                        if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300){
                            console.log(xhr.response);
                        }
                    }
                };
            };
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

js中添加代码如下(示例):

app.all('/cors-server',(request,response)=>{
    //响应头 设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin","*");
    //响应体
    response.send("Hello");
});

完整server.js代码

//1.引入express
const express = require('express');
const axios = require('axios');
const { json } = require('express');
//2.创建应用对象
const app = express();
//3.创建路由规则
app.get('/server',(request,response)=>{
    //响应头 设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin","*");
    //响应体
    response.send("Hello");
});
app.post('/server1',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin","*");
    response.send('Hello');
});
app.all('/json-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    // response.send('Hello');
    const data = {
        'name':'lili'
    };
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    response.send(str);
});
app.get('/ie',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    response.send('IE');
});
app.get('/overtime',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    setTimeout(()=>{
        response.send('Hello')
    },3000);
});
app.all('/jquery-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    // response.send('Hello');
    const data = {
        'name':'lili'
    };
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    response.send(str);
});
app.all('/axios-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    response.send('Hello');
});
app.all('/fetch-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    response.send('Hello');
});
app.all('/jquery-jsonp-server',(request,response)=>{
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin','*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers','*');
    // response.send('Hello');
    const data = {
        name:'ll',
        code:['1','2','3']
    }
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    let callback = request.query.callback;
    // response.send(str);
    response.end(`${callback}(${str})`);
});
app.all('/cors-server',(request,response)=>{
    //响应头 设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin","*");
    //响应体
    response.send("Hello");
});
//4.启动监听器
app.listen(8000,()=>{
    console.log("start!");
});
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