专升本——其它语法

1、情态动词

• 含义： 情态从此本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪，态度，情态动词不能单独做谓语，必须加动词原形。
• 情态动词：
  will——would，
  can——could，
  shall——should，
  may——might，
  must

1.1、情态动词的用法

1. 表示对事实的推测
   1. 对现在或将来事实的推测：
      肯定推测：must+do/be
      否定推测：can’t+do/be
      He looks so pale.He must be ill.
      It can’t be her.She has already left in the morning.
   2. 对过去事实的推测：
      肯定推测：must have done
      否定推测：can’t have done
      I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She must have received it.
      She can’t have left school，for her bike still here.
2. 表示责备或批评
   1. should/ought to + have done
      You should have come to the conference yesterday.
   2. shouldn’t have done（本不应该做某事（但实际上做了））
      You shouldn’t have criticized him.
   3. needn’t have done（本没必要做（但实际上做了））
      I got early this morning，but I needn’t have done so because it is Sunday.

1.2、练习

1. He didn’t come yesterday.He ___ busy working in the lab.
   • A. must be
   • B. would have been
   • C. must have been
   • D. would be
2. You should ___ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.
   • A. reported
   • B. report
   • C. have reported
   • D. to report
3. The English of this composition is excellent.He ___ it himself.
   • A. can’t have written
   • B. won’t have written
   • C. mustn’t have written
   • D. needn’t have written
4. Look，the light is on. There ___ someone in the room.
   • A. must be
   • B. is
   • C. will be
   • D. was
5. My bag is nowhere to be found. I ___ it when I was on the bus.
   • A. must drop
   • B. must have dropped
   • C. should have dropped
   • D. would have dropped
6. It ___ have been Tom that parked the car here，as he is the only one with a car.
   • A. may
   • B. can
   • C. must
   • D. should
7. With all this work on hand，he ___ to the cinema last night.
   • A. mustn’t go
   • B. wouldn’t go
   • C. oughtn’t to go
   • D. shouldn’t have gone
8. I ___ have been there，but I ___ not find the time.
   • A. should；would
   • B. should；could
   • C. might；could
   • D. could；could
9. The classroom is empty，I think they ___ to the laboratory.
   • A. must have gone
   • B. should have gone
   • C. ought to have gone
   • D. would have gone
10. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday.You ___ the trouble to carry your raincoat with you.
    • A. should have taken
    • B. mustn’t have taken
    • C. could have taken
    • D. needn’t have taken
11. — I can’t understand why our boss is late.
    — He ___ the early bus.
    • A. could miss
    • B. may have missed
    • C. can have missed
    • D. might miss
12. I am busy now，___ my brother do it for you？
    • A. Will
    • B. Shall
    • C. Must
    • D. May
13. If you want to borrow a football after school，your student card ___ here.
    • A. has to leave
    • B. must leave
    • C. has to be left
    • D. must be left
14. — Has Li Lin started？He said he would join in the party.
    — He ___ . He is a man of keeping his word.
    • A. could have left
    • B. must have left
    • C. can’t come
    • D. won’t be coming
15. You ___ scold such a pupil who always keeps silent so seriously that you ___ hurt him.
    • A. should；can
    • B. may；will
    • C.mustn’t；may
    • D. can’t；must
16. — What’s the matter with you？
    — Oh，I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ___ so much fried fish just now.
    • A. shouldn’t eat
    • B. mustn’t have eaten
    • C. shouldn’t have eaten
    • D. mustn’t eat
17. It is important that we ___ learn how to drive.
    • A. have to
    • B. should
    • C. need
    • D. shall
18. It has been announced that candidates ___ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
    • A. can
    • B. will
    • C. may
    • D. shall
19. I got up early that moming，but I ___ so because I had no work to do.
    • A. mustn’t have done
    • B. didn’t need to do
    • C. needn’t have done
    • D. can’t have done
20. According to a newly released regulation on online video services，no one ___ generate，release of spread fake news or information by using such technologies.
    • A. can
    • B. shall
    • C. will
    • D. May
21. Frankly speaking，I am not sure whether I ___ this in the old days with that kind of equipment，which looks quite odd and ridiculous.
    • A. should have done
    • B. need have done
    • C. would have done
    • D. must have done
22. If we had paid enough attention to the issue of the heavily-overloaded vehicles，the tragedy of the collapse of an overpass in Wuxi ___ avoided.
    • A. should
    • B. could be
    • C. should have been
    • D. could have been
23. My sister met him in the street yesterday afternoon，so he ___ your lecture.
    • A. shouldn’t have attended
    • B. couldn’t have attended
    • C. mustn’t have attended
    • D. needn’t have attended
24. Paul did a great job in the speech contest.He ___ many times last week.
    • A. need have practiced
    • B. might practice
    • C. must have practiced
    • D. could practice
25. I can’t find my purse.I ___ it in the supermaket yesterday，but I’m not sure.
    • A. should leave
    • B. must have left
    • C. might leave
    • D. could have left

2、主谓一致

2.1、含义

1. 语法一致：He knows a lot about her.
2. 意义一致：The family are watching TV
3. 就近原则：There is a princess and seven dwarfs in the story.

2.2、谓语动词只用复数的情况

1. 三群（people，police，cattle）作主语时
   eg.The police are（be） looking for the lost child.
2. the + adj.表示一类人作主语时
   eg. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.（get）

2.3、谓语动词只用单数的情况

1. 时间/金钱/距离/重量作主语时
   eg.Ten years is a long time.
2. 主语时单数，后面加（along/together）with，as well as，like，but，except，谓语动词仍是单数
   eg.The teacher，together with his students，is （be） visiting the factory.
3. 由each/every修饰n.或者主语是不定代词时，谓语动词仍是单数
   eg.Every students has advantages.
4. 主语从句或V非做主语
   eg.What the world needs is more love and less sadness.
   eg.Smoking is bad for your health.

2.4、谓语动词既能用复数又能用单数的情况

2.4.1、就近原则

• V谓与A一致
  1. There be A and B
     eg.There is （be） a book and some pens on the floor.
     eg.There are （be） some pens and a book on the floor.
  2. A as well as B
• V谓与B一致
  1. either A or B （不是···就是···）
  2. neither A nor B（既不···也不）
  3. not only A but also B（不仅···而且）
     eg.Neither you nor he is （be） right.
     eg.Either he or you are （be） right.

2.4.2、集体名词做主语

• 集体名词：family，team，class，public，committee等
• 表示整体概念：V谓用单数
• 表示个体概念：V谓用复数
  eg.Our family is （be） in Beijing.
  eg.Our family all likes `（like）· playing.

2.4.3、定语从句，V谓的单复数取决于前面的先行词

eg.He is one of the boys who are （be） good at singing.

2.4.4、表示大量的词

1. 只加可数名词：（a good）many，a few，dozens of，a number of
2. 只加不可数名词：much，a little，a bit of，a great deal of，an amout of，the number of
3. 即可加可数名词又可以加不可数名词：some，any，all，a lot of = lots of，plenty of，a quantity of = quantities of

2.5、主谓一致练习

1. This is one of the most interesting novels that ___ been published ___ the war.
   • A. has···after
   • B. have···after
   • C. have···since
   • D. has···since
2. The police ___ searching for the missing boy for days.
   • A. has been
   • B. was
   • C. were
   • D. have been
3. Professor Smith，along with his assistants，___ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.
   • A. work
   • B. working
   • C. is working
   • D. are working
4. He used ___ of milk and water.
   • A. a good many
   • B. great deal
   • C. large quantities
   • D. lot
5. You can see ___ of cars in the square.
   • A. a quantity
   • B. a plenty
   • C. an amount
   • D. the number
6. He told us that John，as his brother，___ coming to the party.
   • A. is
   • B. are
   • C. were
   • D. was
7. Every means ___ tried but without much result.
   • A. has been
   • B. have been
   • C. are
   • D. is
8. It is said that the army in that country ___ its neighboring country now.
   • A. is attacking
   • B. are attacking
   • C. has attacked
   • D. have attacked
9. In fact，the house，as well as his two cars ___ him all the money he earned during the 20 years.
   • A. has been cost
   • B. have cost
   • C. has cost
   • D. have been cost
10. As a result of the serious flood，two-thirds of the buildings in the area ___ .
    • A. need repairing
    • B. needs to repair
    • C. needs repairing
    • D. need to repair
11. Neither Tom nor I ___ interested in playing WeChat.
    • A. am
    • B. is
    • C. are
    • D. be
12. ___ something wrong with my bike，can I use yours？
    • A. It is
    • B. It was
    • C. There is
    • D. There are
13. The number of teachers in our college ___ greatly increassed last term.A number of teachers in this school ___ from the countryside.
    • A. was；is
    • B. was；are
    • C. were；are
    • D. were；is
14. Not only he but also we ___ right.He as well as we ___ right.
    • A. are；are
    • B. are；is
    • C. is；is
    • D. is；are
15. Her family ___ much larger than mine four years ago.
    • A. were
    • B. was
    • C. are
    • D. is

3、强调句

3.1、句型

it is/was + 被强调的部分 + that

3.2、作用

为了强调某一部分

3.3、判断方法

去掉it is/was···that，剩余部分成分完整

3.4、常考句型

1. It is/was +介词+表示时间/地点的词+that
   It was in the classroom that we met each other.
2. It is/was not until + n./句子 that
   It was not until I met you that I knew the love
3. It is/was+
   1. because+句子+that
   2. because of+n./短语+that
      It is because of the love that I will always be here with you.

3.5、强调句类型

1. It was not until the accident happend ___ .
   • A. when I became aware on my foolishness
   • B. when my foolishness became obvious
   • C. that did realize my foolishness
   • D. that I became aware of my foolishness
2. It was in 1987 ___ I graduated from Beijing University.
   • A. as
   • B. when
   • C. which
   • D. that
3. It was not until he had arrived home ___ he remembered his appointment with the lawyer.
   • A. when
   • B. that
   • C. while
   • D. as
4. John’s success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work ___ has made him what he is today.
   • A. why
   • B. when
   • C. which
   • D. that
5. It was in the year 1925 ___ John Biard found a way to send pictures by wireless.
   • A. when
   • B. in which
   • C. that
   • D. which
6. It is because of the policy ___ the economy has developed rapidly.
   • A. which
   • B. that
   • C. when
   • D. as
7. You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel ___ the coach picks up tourists
   • A. who
   • B. which
   • C. where
   • D. that
8. It is only when you lose someone ___ you become fully aware of how much you value him.
   • A. which
   • B. since
   • C. that
   • D. what
9. It was his nervousness in the interview ___ probably lost him the job.
   • A. which
   • B. since
   • C. that
   • D. what
10. The question that puzzled them is how it is ___ they can get rid of the air pollution in the area.
    • A. which
    • B. since
    • C. that
    • D. what

4、形容词、副词

4.1、原级比较

1. as + adj./adv + as（和···一样）
2. not so/as + adj./adv. +as（和···不一样）

4.2、比较级

1. 比较级 + than
2. 比较级 and 比较级（越来越···）
3. The + 比较级 + 主语 + V.，The + 比较级 + 主语 + V.（越···，就越···）
4. Which/Who is + 比较级，A or B ？（A和B哪一个/谁更···）

4.2.1、修饰比较级的词

1. 不能修饰比较级的词：very，quite，fairly
2. 能修饰比较级的词：much，far，a lot，even

4.3、最高级

1. The + 最高级 + in/of + 范围（在某范围内最···）
2. one of the + 最高级 + 可数名词复数 + of/in + 范围（最···之一···）
3. The + 序数词 + 最高级 + of/in + 范围（第几···）

4.4、形容词和副词练习

1. His English is ___ better than mine，for he knows ___ English words than I do.
   • A. very；much more
   • B. far；many more
   • C. quite；rather more
   • D. much；much more
2. According to rough estimate，Nigeria is ___ Great Britain.
   • A. three times the size as
   • B. the size three times of
   • C. Three times as the size of
   • D. three times the size of
3. The price was very reasonable；I would gladly have paid ___ he asked.
   • A. three times much as
   • B. three times as many as
   • C. as three times much as
   • D. three times as much as
4. My opinion is as good ___.
   • A. as he is
   • B. as or better than he
   • C. as or better than his
   • D. or better than his
5. Do you have any ___ explanation to the matter？
   • A. further
   • B. longer
   • C. farther
   • D. far
6. Last year Mary earned ___ his brother，who has a better position.
   • A. twice as much as
   • B. twice much than
   • C. twice as many as
   • D. twice as more as
7. Actually，the application of this new machine has made the situation ___ .
   • A. the worse than before
   • B. worse than ever before
   • C. more bad as before
   • D. more bad than it was
8. Your garden is ___ mine.
   • A. four times as big as
   • B. four times as bigger as
   • C. as four times big
   • D. as big as four times
9. In many cities，a low-carbon lifestyle has become ___ .
   • A. more popular and more popular.
   • B. more and more popular
   • C. the most popular
   • D. most and most popular
10. Sometimes only ___ 10 out 500 or more candidates succeed in passing all the tests.
    • A. as many as
    • B. as few as
    • C. as much as
    • D. as little as

5、汉译英

5.1、语法作用>单词作用

• 不会译的单词用次性相同，词意相近的词代替
  如：weapon（武器）—— equipment（装备）—— gun（枪）

5.2、做题步骤

1. 读中文，确定关键词
2. 找句子成分，确定句子主干
3. 确定时态和语态
4. 根据主谓一致翻译句子主干
5. 将句子补充完整：
   1. 定语：···的，修饰名词
   2. 状语：先地后时，通常放句尾
6. 整合全句：可先整合状语，再整合其它结构
7. 检查：错译、漏译、时态语态、主谓一致

6、七选五

6.1、考点

• 文段之间的联系及找关键词定位的能力

6.2、分析选项

1. 分析选项
   1. 选项以逗号结尾，后面开头肯定小写
   2. 选项中是否所有首字母都大写，首字母都大写的是标题
   3. 选项中以问号、叹号结尾，后面肯定重复出现相同的关键词
   4. 模式：找含义和类别相同的选项必有一对一错
2. 找线索词（关键词），再去空后找对应的句子

7、完形填空

7.1、出题形式

1. 文章载体：议论文、记叙文、说明文
2. 长度：200-300词
3. 第一句不设空，提供思路

7.2、考点

• 70%词汇20%语法10%逻辑关系

1. 形近词或近义词的辨析与比较
   1. 声音：
      1. voice（噪音）
      2. sound（发出来各种声音，“听”起来）
      3. noise（噪音）
   2. 形近词
      1. adapt（适应）
      2. adopt（采用）
      3. adjust（调整）
2. 固定搭配
   eg.He took up his career.
   take up（拿起，从事）
   take in（吸收，欺骗）
   take on（承担，呈现）
   take off（起飞，脱下）
3. 语法：引导词 —— 主从复合句
4. 上下文逻辑（转折，并列，递进）

8、阅读理解

8.1、考点

• 推理题、观点态度题、猜词猜句题、主旨大意题、细节题

1. 主旨大意题：
   1. 出题形式：main idea/best title/author’s purpose
   2. 解题方法：首段、尾端、首句、尾句（注意：in shourt，actuall，that is to say，therefore，in fact， in my opinion等）
2. 猜词猜句题：
   1. 出题形式：
      1. 某词means···
      2. underline words
   2. 解题方法：
      1. 定义法：生词后有一个句子（定语从句，同位语从句）
      2. 前后句练习法
      3. 若选项中有两个意思相反则答案就在其中
      4. 并列连词前后一致法：and、but、like
3. 观点态度题：
   1. 出题形式：attitude、feeling、tone
   2. 解题方法：
      1. 根据中心句推出观点态度
      2. 参考作者所举的例子
4. 推理题：
   1. 出题形式：infer、imply、conclude
   2. 解题方法：
      1. 原文原句必不选（答案应为概括性，总结性话语）
      2. 推断细节，找关键词（大写字母、人名、地名、数字、时间）在文中的位置，对比选项和原文
5. 细节题：能在原文中直接找出答案
   1. 出题形式：5w、1h提问；true or false
   2. 解题方法：找词找点，原文定位（大写字母、人名地名、数字时间）

8.2、做题技巧

1. 同义选项都不选
2. 过于绝对一般不选（always，never，all，every，completely，none，must，only）
3. 委婉语气通常为正确答案（could，may，usually，might，relatively，more，or，less）
4. 正面导向：对考生有教育意义，正能量选项一般为正确答案