MySQL数据库之DQL语言--子查询

含义：

出现在其他语句中的SELECT语句，称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句，称为主查询或外查询

分类：

按子查询出现的位置：

SELECT后面：仅仅支持标量子查询
FROM后面：支持表子查询

WHERE或HAVING后面：★
标量子查询（单行） √
列子查询 （多行） √
行子查询

EXISTS后面（相关子查询）
表子查询

按结果集的行列数不同：

标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
行子查询（结果集有一行多列）
表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）

一、where或having后面

1、标量子查询（单行子查询）较多使用
2、列子查询（多行子查询） 较多使用
3、行子查询（多列多行）

特点：

①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用：> < >= <= = <>
列子查询，一般搭配着多行操作符使用：IN、ANY/SOME、ALL
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

1.标量子查询

案例1：谁的工资比 Abel 高?

SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE salary >
(SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Abel’) ;

案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名，job_id 和工资

SELECT
last_name,job_id,salary
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=141
)
AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=143
);

案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT
last_name,job_id,salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);

案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT
department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
);

非法使用标量子查询

就是子查询结果不为一行一列

2.多行子查询

案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCTdepartment_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)
);
或
SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id =ANY (
SELECT DISTINCTdepartment_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)
);

案例2：返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT
employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary < ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id= ‘IT_PROG’
)
AND job_id<> ‘IT_PROG’;

或

SELECT
employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary < (
SELECT DISTINCT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id= ‘IT_PROG’
)
AND job_id<> ‘IT_PROG’;

案例3：返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT
employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary < ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=‘IT_PROG’
)
AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

或

SELECT
employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT DISTINCT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=‘IT_PROG’
)
AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

3.行子查询（结果集一行多列或多行多列）

案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

平常方式：
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)
AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
行子查询方式：
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);

二、select后面 ：仅仅支持标量子查询

案例1：查询每个部门的员工个数

SELECT d.* , (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id
) 每个部门员工数
FROM
departments d;

案例2：查询员工号=102的部门名

SELECT (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON e.department_id=d.department_id
WHERE employee_id=102
)部门名;

三、from后面 :将子查询结果充当一张表，要求必须起别名

案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级

SELECT ag_dep.*,g.grade_level
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;

四、exists后面（相关子查询）

语法：

EXISTS(完整的查询语句)

结果：

1或0

SELECT EXISTS (SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=30000);

案例1：查询有员工的部门名

in方式：

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
);

exists方式：

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id
);

练习题

1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资

SELECT
last_name,salary
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name=‘Zlotkey’
);

2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资。

SELECT
employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);

3.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资

SELECT
employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) ags,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
WHERE salary>d.ags;

4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名

SELECT
employee_id,last_name
FROM
employees e
WHERE department_idIN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE “%u%”
) ;

5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号

SELECT
employee_id
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id = ANY (
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id=1700
);

6.查询管理者是K_ing的员工姓名和工资

SELECT
last_name,salary
FROM
employees
WHERE manager_id IN(
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name=“K_ing”
);

7.查询工资最高的员工的姓名，要求first_name和last_name显示为一列，列名为 姓.名

SELECT
CONCAT(last_name,first_name) 姓名
FROM
employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);