有关可重定位目标文件

有关可重定位目标文件以下面这段代码（a.c）为例:

#include <stdio.h>
int time;
int foo(int a) {
    int b = a + 1;
    return b;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    printf("%d\n", foo(5));
    return 0;
}

如何得到可重定位目标文件呢

gcc -c a.c -o a.o

用该指令可以直接得到a.o（可重定位目标文件）
得到的a.o内容是二进制形式，无法直接查看
这条指令可以帮助我们查看它的大致内容

objdump a.o -D

a.o:     file format elf32-i386


Disassembly of section .text:

00000000 <foo>:
   0: 55                    push   %ebp
   1: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp
   3: 83 ec 10              sub    $0x10,%esp
   6: 8b 45 08              mov    0x8(%ebp),%eax
   9: 83 c0 01              add    $0x1,%eax
   c: 89 45 fc              mov    %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
   f: 8b 45 fc              mov    -0x4(%ebp),%eax
  12: c9                    leave  
  13: c3                    ret

00000014 <main>:
  14: 55                    push   %ebp
  15: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp
  17: 83 e4 f0              and    $0xfffffff0,%esp
  1a: 83 ec 10              sub    $0x10,%esp
  1d: c7 04 24 05 00 00 00  movl   $0x5,(%esp)
  24: e8 fc ff ff ff        call   25 <main+0x11>
  29: 89 44 24 04           mov    %eax,0x4(%esp)
  2d: c7 04 24 00 00 00 00  movl   $0x0,(%esp)
  34: e8 fc ff ff ff        call   35 <main+0x21>
  39: b8 00 00 00 00        mov    $0x0,%eax
  3e: c9                    leave  
  3f: c3                    ret

Disassembly of section .rodata:

00000000 <.rodata>:
   0: 25                    .byte 0x25
   1: 64 0a 00              or     %fs:(%eax),%al

Disassembly of section .comment:

00000000 <.comment>:
   0: 00 47 43              add    %al,0x43(%edi)
   3: 43                    inc    %ebx
   4: 3a 20                 cmp    (%eax),%ah
   6: 28 55 62              sub    %dl,0x62(%ebp)
   9: 75 6e                 jne    79 <main+0x65>
   b: 74 75                 je     82 <main+0x6e>
   d: 20 34 2e              and    %dh,(%esi,%ebp,1)
  10: 38 2e                 cmp    %ch,(%esi)
  12: 32 2d 31 39 75 62     xor    0x62753931,%ch
  18: 75 6e                 jne    88 <main+0x74>
  1a: 74 75                 je     91 <main+0x7d>
  1c: 31 29                 xor    %ebp,(%ecx)
  1e: 20 34 2e              and    %dh,(%esi,%ebp,1)
  21: 38 2e                 cmp    %ch,(%esi)
  23: 32 00                 xor    (%eax),%al

Disassembly of section .eh_frame:

00000000 <.eh_frame>:
   0: 14 00                 adc    $0x0,%al
   2: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
   4: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
   6: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
   8: 01 7a 52              add    %edi,0x52(%edx)
   b: 00 01                 add    %al,(%ecx)
   d: 7c 08                 jl     17 <.eh_frame+0x17>
   f: 01 1b                 add    %ebx,(%ebx)
  11: 0c 04                 or     $0x4,%al
  13: 04 88                 add    $0x88,%al
  15: 01 00                 add    %eax,(%eax)
  17: 00 1c 00              add    %bl,(%eax,%eax,1)
  1a: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
  1c: 1c 00                 sbb    $0x0,%al
  1e: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
  20: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
  22: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
  24: 14 00                 adc    $0x0,%al
  26: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
  28: 00 41 0e              add    %al,0xe(%ecx)
  2b: 08 85 02 42 0d 05     or     %al,0x50d4202(%ebp)
  31: 50                    push   %eax
  32: c5 0c 04              lds    (%esp,%eax,1),%ecx
  35: 04 00                 add    $0x0,%al
  37: 00 1c 00              add    %bl,(%eax,%eax,1)
  3a: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
  3c: 3c 00                 cmp    $0x0,%al
  3e: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
  40: 14 00                 adc    $0x0,%al
  42: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
  44: 2c 00                 sub    $0x0,%al
  46: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)
  48: 00 41 0e              add    %al,0xe(%ecx)
  4b: 08 85 02 42 0d 05     or     %al,0x50d4202(%ebp)
  51: 68 c5 0c 04 04        push   $0x4040cc5
 ...

现代x86-64 Linux和Unix使用可执行可链接格式（ELF），
一个典型的ELF可重定位目标文件的格式

.text:已编译程序的机器代码
.rodata:只读数据
.data:已初始化的全局和静态C变量
.bss:未初始化的全局和静态C变量及被初始化为0的全局或静态变量
.symtab:在程序中定义和引用的函数和全局变量的信息
.rel.text:.text节中位置的列表
.rel.data:被模块定义或引用的所有全局变量的重定位信息
.debug:调试符号表
.line:原始c源程序中的行号和.text节中机器指令之间的映射
.strtab:字符串表

可以使用readelf查看一些节的信息，如：

readelf -s a.o

得到.symtab的信息

Symbol table '.symtab' contains 13 entries:
   Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
     0: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  DEFAULT  UND 
     1: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS a.c
     2: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    1 
     3: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    3 
     4: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    4 
     5: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    5 
     6: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    7 
     7: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    8 
     8: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    6 
     9: 00000004     4 OBJECT  GLOBAL DEFAULT  COM time
    10: 00000000    20 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 foo
    11: 00000014    44 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 main
    12: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT  UND printf