向上转型和向下转型的实例

package musical;

public class instrument {
    public void makeSound(){
        System.out.println("乐器可以演奏！");
    }
}

package musical;

public class Erhu extends instrument{
    @Override
    public void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("乐手正在演奏二胡！");
    }
    public  void like(){
        System.out.println("样子像一个弓箭！");
    }
}

package musical;

public class Piano extends  instrument {
    @Override
    public void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("乐手正在演奏钢琴！");
    }
    public  void like(){
        System.out.println("样子像一个机器！");
    }
}

package musical;

public class Violin extends instrument {
    @Override
    public void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("乐手正在演奏小提琴！");
    }
    public  void like(){
        System.out.println("样子像一个葫芦！");
    }
}

package musical;

public class Musician {
    instrument i;
    public Musician(instrument instrument){
        this.i = instrument;
    }
     public void play(){
        i.makeSound();

     }

     public void lookLike(){
        if(i instanceof Erhu){//instance，可以在程序运行
            // 阶段判断某个引用指向的对象是否为某一类型,
            // 向下转型一定要判断类型，这是企业的代码规范。
//            ((Erhu) i).like();
            Erhu erhu = (Erhu)i;
            erhu.like();
        }
        if(i instanceof Violin){
            Violin violin = (Violin) this.i;
            violin.like();
        }
        if (i instanceof Piano){
            Piano piano = (Piano)i;
            piano.like();
        }
     }
}

package musical;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //子转父
        instrument i = new Violin();//向上转型(自然转换)，可理解为小提琴是一个乐器
        i.makeSound();

        //父转子，向下转型(强制转换),需要子类中有特有的方法时，才可以编译
         instrument ii = new Piano();
         ((Piano)ii).like();
         Piano p = (Piano)ii;
         p.like();

         
        Musician musician = new Musician(new Erhu());
        musician.play();
        musician.lookLike();


    }
}

结果：

若有问题，请指教！