命令为整理《Linux命令行与shell脚本编程大全》书籍
基础命令
文件和目录列表
ls命令会显示当前目录下的文件和目录(文件夹)命令的输出是按照文件首字母在26个英文字母中的顺序排列的。
ls
bin dev home lib64 mnt proc run srv Test usr
boot etc lib media opt root sbin sys tmp var
加上-F之后就可以区分目录还是文件了,如果是目录文件名之后会有个/。
ls -F
bin@ dev/ home/ lib64@ mnt/ proc/ run/ srv/ Test/ usr/
boot/ etc/ lib@ media/ opt/ root/ sbin@ sys/ tmp/ var/
加上-a参数可以将当前目录下的隐藏文件普通文件一并显示出来,可以看到结果前面多了两个,.和…隐藏文件夹
ls -a
. bin dev home lib64 mnt proc run srv Test usr
.. boot etc lib media opt root sbin sys tmp var
加上-R之后可以将当前目录下的所有文件夹,文件递归的显示出来。
ls -F -R
.:
one/ two/
./one:
one1/
./one/one1:
./two:
two1/
./two/two1:
加上-l参数可以长列表格式的输出每个文件的信息依次是:
1、文件类型,比如目录(d )、文件(- )、 字符型文件(c )或块设备(b );
2、文件的权限;
3、文件的硬链接总数;
4、文件属主的用户名;
5、文件属组的组名;
6、文件的大小(以字节为单位);
7、文件的上次修改时间;
8、文件名或目录名。
ls -l
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 18 9月 6 19:54 one
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 18 9月 6 19:54 two
其中ls还有过滤器功能,比如你在当前目录下寻找某个文件但是你不知道文件名最后一个字符是什么就可以采用ls -l on?形式来查找,?号表示一个字符,*号表示零个或者多个字符。
ls -l on?
one:
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 19:54 one1
onw:
总用量 0
此外ls还有一个拓展匹配的功能比如,你寻找one.txt文件你不知道最后一个字符是什么但是你知道他在字母A和W字母之间你就可以通过中括号来进行范围查找。
ls -l on[a-w]
one:
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 19:54 one1
onw:
总用量 0
#也可以通过!将不需要的内容排除
ls -l on[!w]
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 19:54 one1
处理文件
创建文件
#touch 创建的文件名
touch one.txt
ls -l
总用量 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 9月 6 20:02 one.txt
复制文件
#复制时建议加上-i参数
#cp -i这样会询问是否覆盖已有的文件
#cp 源对象 目标对象
cp -i one.txt /Test/two/
ls -l
总用量 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 9月 6 20:05 one.txt
加上-R参数就可以递归的复制整个目录下面给所有的内容
#cp -R 源对象 目标对象
cp -R two/ three/
ls -l
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 21 9月 6 20:07 two
cp命令也支持通配符功能,比如你用cp命令复制当前目录下aab,aac文件夹到ccc文件夹下,不需执行两次cp命令只需要使用通配符*就可以将两个文件夹一起复制
#cp -R 源文件 复制到的目标路径
cp -R t* one/
ls -l
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 20:10 thh
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 20:10 two
如果文件名过长也可以通过制表符自动补全TAB键。比如你cp复制一个aab文件,在输入到aa时按下tab键如果当前目录下只有一个aa开头的文件,系统就会自动将aab文件夹名补全。
cp -R aa 按下tab键命令变为-> cp -R aab
链接文件
符号链接加上-s参数,符号链接创建的就是一个实实在在的文件,创建符号链接的时候目标文件必须事先存在。
#ln -s 目标文件名 链接文件名
ln -s one three
ls -l
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 28 9月 6 20:10 one
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 20:09 thh
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 9月 6 20:12 three -> one
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 20:09 two
硬链接会创建独立的虚拟文件,其中包含了原 始文件的信息及位置。但是它们从根本上而言是同一个文件。创建硬链接的时候不需要添加任何其他参数。(硬链接不可以指向目录)
#ln 源文件 链接文件名
ln one.txt yes
cat one.txt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
cat yes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4、重命名文件
在linux中重命名文件称为移动,mv命令可以将文件和目录移动到另一个位置或重新命名
#mv 源文件名 更改的文件
ls -l
总用量 8
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 28 9月 6 20:10 one
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 16 9月 6 20:15 one.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 20:09 thh
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 9月 6 20:12 three -> one
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 20:09 two
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 16 9月 6 20:15 yes
mv two twe
ls -l
总用量 4
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 28 9月 6 20:10 one
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 21 9月 6 20:17 thh
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 9月 6 20:12 three -> one
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 20:09 twe
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 16 9月 6 20:15 yes
也可以使用mv移动文件位置,移动文件的时候也可以进行重命名
#mv 源文件位置 所移动的目标路径
mv one.txt /Test/two.txt
ls -l
总用量 8
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 28 9月 6 20:10 one
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 20:20 thh
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 9月 6 20:12 three -> one
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 6 20:09 twe
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 16 9月 6 20:15 two.txt
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 16 9月 6 20:15 yes
删除文件
在Linux中删除叫做移除
-i 参数会提示你是否依然要删除此文件
#rm -i 目标文件
rm -i two.txt
rm:是否删除普通文件 "two.txt"?y
-f参数不会提示你是否依然要删除此文件,主要适用于删除很多个文件不受提示的干扰。其他少数文件还是建议使用-i参数。提示:rm参数也可以使用通配符?号进行文件的模糊删除。
#rm -f 目标文件
rm -f one.txt
#通配符示例
rm -i *.txt
rm:是否删除普通空文件 "one.txt"?y
rm:是否删除普通空文件 "two.txt"?y
-r参数可以让rm向下进入到目标目录里删除其中的所有文件和-i配和使用
#rm -ri 目标目录
rm -ri one
rm:是否进入目录"one"? y
rm:是否进入目录"one/thh"? y
rm:是否删除普通空文件 "one/thh/one.txt"?y
rm:是否删除目录 "one/thh"?y
rm:是否删除目录 "one/two"?y
rm:是否删除目录 "one"?y
处理目录
创建目录
#mkdir 创建的目录名
mkdir one
ls -F
one/ thh/ three@ twe/ yes
加上-p 参数可以同时递归多个创建目录
mkdir -p two/a/b/c
ls -FR
.:
one/ thh/ three@ twe/ two/ yes
./one:
./thh:
./twe:
./two:
a/
./two/a:
b/
./two/a/b:
c/
./two/a/b/c:
删除目录
rmdir命令只能删除空的目录,如果要删除一个内部有文件的目录,需要先使用rm -ri命令删除目录中的文件再删除目录
#rmdir 删除的目录
rmdir two
rmdir: 删除 "two" 失败: 目录非空
查看文件内容
file
file命令可以查看目标是什么类型,编码。如果目标是一个链接,它还会告诉你目标链接到那个文件下了
file two
two: directory#目录,文件夹
file three
three: broken symbolic link to `one'#链接到one
cat
cat命令是显示文本文件中所有数据
cat one.txt
one 一
two 二
three 三
four 四
five 五
-n参数会给所有行加上行号
cat -n one.txt
1 one 一
2 two 二
3 three 三
4 four 四
5 five 五
加上-b参数就只会在有文本的行前加上行号
cat -b one.txt
1 one 一
2 two 二
3 three 三
4 four 四
5 five 五
6 six 六
-T如果你不想在显示的时候出现制表符可以用-T参数
cat -T one.txt
one 一
two 二
three 三
four 四
five 五
six 六
more命令
more分页显示文本内容,显示的时候你可以用空格或者回车逐行向前浏览文本按q键退出浏览
more mysql.log
2022-09-07T09:23:44.839793Z 0 [Warning] [MY-011070] [Server] 'Disabling symbolic
deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
2022-09-07T09:23:44.839897Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010918] [Server] 'default_authenticat
d.
2022-09-07T09:23:44.839914Z 0 [System] [MY-010116] [Server] /usr/local/mysql/mysq
2022-09-07T09:23:44.849788Z 0 [Warning] [MY-000054] [Server] World-writable confi
2022-09-07T09:23:44.849828Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010107] [Server] World-writable confi
2022-09-07T09:23:44.850117Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010075] [Server] No existing UUID has
UUID: c5494451-2e8e-11ed-a54a-000c29a0cee3.
tail命令
tail命令会显示文件最后几行的内容,默认是文件最后10行内容
mysql.log
2022-09-07T09:36:08.966275Z 0 [System] [MY-010116] [Server] /usr/local/mysql/mysql8/bin/mysqld (mysqld 8.0.30) starting as process 6044
2022-09-07T09:36:08.972891Z 1 [System] [MY-013576] [InnoDB] InnoDB initialization has started.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.118706Z 1 [System] [MY-013577] [InnoDB] InnoDB initialization has ended.
mysqld: File '/var/log/mysql/mysql.log' not found (OS errno 2 - No such file or directory)
2022-09-07T09:36:09.244850Z 0 [ERROR] [MY-011263] [Server] Could not use /var/log/mysql/mysql.log for logging (error 2 - No such file or directory). Turning logging off for the server process. To turn it on again: fix the cause, then either restart the query logging by using "SET GLOBAL GENERAL_LOG=ON" or restart the MySQL server.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.322612Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010068] [Server] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.322647Z 0 [System] [MY-013602] [Server] Channel mysql_main configured to support TLS. Encrypted connections are now supported for this channel.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.323185Z 0 [Warning] [MY-011810] [Server] Insecure configuration for --pid-file: Location '/usr/local/mysql/mysql8/data' in the path is accessible to all OS users. Consider choosing a different directory.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.334606Z 0 [System] [MY-010931] [Server] /usr/local/mysql/mysql8/bin/mysqld: ready for connections. Version: '8.0.30' socket: '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' port: 0 MySQL Community Server - GPL.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.334609Z 0 [System] [MY-011323] [Server] X Plugin ready for connections. Socket: /tmp/mysqlx.sock
-n参数用来修改所显示的行数。
tail -n 2 mysql.log
2022-09-07T09:36:09.334606Z 0 [System] [MY-010931] [Server] /usr/local/mysql/mysql8/bin/mysqld: ready for connections. Version: '8.0.30' socket: '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' port: 0 MySQL Community Server - GPL.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.334609Z 0 [System] [MY-011323] [Server] X Plugin ready for connections. Socket: /tmp/mysqlx.sock
-f参数可以允许其他进程在使用此文件的时候查看文件内容,tail命令会保持活动状态,并不断显示添加到文件中 的内容。这是实时监测系统日志的绝妙方式。
tail -f mysql.log
==> mysql.log <==
2022-09-07T09:36:08.966275Z 0 [System] [MY-010116] [Server] /usr/local/mysql/mysql8/bin/mysqld (mysqld 8.0.30) starting as process 6044
2022-09-07T09:36:08.972891Z 1 [System] [MY-013576] [InnoDB] InnoDB initialization has started.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.118706Z 1 [System] [MY-013577] [InnoDB] InnoDB initialization has ended.
mysqld: File '/var/log/mysql/mysql.log' not found (OS errno 2 - No such file or directory)
2022-09-07T09:36:09.244850Z 0 [ERROR] [MY-011263] [Server] Could not use /var/log/mysql/mysql.log for logging (error 2 - No such file or directory). Turning logging off for the server process. To turn it on again: fix the cause, then either restart the query logging by using "SET GLOBAL GENERAL_LOG=ON" or restart the MySQL server.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.322612Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010068] [Server] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.322647Z 0 [System] [MY-013602] [Server] Channel mysql_main configured to support TLS. Encrypted connections are now supported for this channel.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.323185Z 0 [Warning] [MY-011810] [Server] Insecure configuration for --pid-file: Location '/usr/local/mysql/mysql8/data' in the path is accessible to all OS users. Consider choosing a different directory.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.334606Z 0 [System] [MY-010931] [Server] /usr/local/mysql/mysql8/bin/mysqld: ready for connections. Version: '8.0.30' socket: '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' port: 0 MySQL Community Server - GPL.
2022-09-07T09:36:09.334609Z 0 [System] [MY-011323] [Server] X Plugin ready for connections. Socket: /tmp/mysqlx.sock
head命令
head命令会显示文件开头的内容,默认也是10行
head mysql.log
2022-09-07T09:23:44.839793Z 0 [Warning] [MY-011070] [Server] 'Disabling symbolic links using --skip-symbolic-links (or equivalent) is the default. Consider not using this option as it' is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
2022-09-07T09:23:44.839897Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010918] [Server] 'default_authentication_plugin' is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use authentication_policy instead.
2022-09-07T09:23:44.839914Z 0 [System] [MY-010116] [Server] /usr/local/mysql/mysql8/bin/mysqld (mysqld 8.0.30) starting as process 4913
2022-09-07T09:23:44.849788Z 0 [Warning] [MY-000054] [Server] World-writable config file '/usr/local/mysql/mysql8/data/auto.cnf' is ignored.
2022-09-07T09:23:44.849828Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010107] [Server] World-writable config file '/usr/local/mysql/mysql8/data/auto.cnf' has been removed.
2022-09-07T09:23:44.850117Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010075] [Server] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: c5494451-2e8e-11ed-a54a-000c29a0cee3.
2022-09-07T09:23:44.853357Z 1 [System] [MY-013576] [InnoDB] InnoDB initialization has started.
2022-09-07T09:23:45.006064Z 1 [System] [MY-013577] [InnoDB] InnoDB initialization has ended.
mysqld: File '/var/log/mysql/mysql.log' not found (OS errno 2 - No such file or directory)
2022-09-07T09:23:45.198348Z 0 [ERROR] [MY-011263] [Server] Could not use /var/log/mysql/mysql.log for logging (error 2 - No such file or directory). Turning logging off for the server process. To turn it on again: fix the cause, then either restart the query logging by using "SET GLOBAL GENERAL_LOG=ON" or restart the MySQL server.
跟tail命令一样它也支持-n参数这样就可以指定想要显示行数内容了但是head命令不支持-f参数
bash shell 命令拓展
探查进程
ps 命令只会显示 运行在当前控制台下的属于当前用户的进程
ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
2451 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
5748 pts/1 00:00:00 mysqld_safe
7156 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
#ps参数较多所有的参数我都写在代码块里了
#显示所有进程
ps -A
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:01 systemd
2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/0
5 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H
7 ? 00:00:00 migration/0
8 ? 00:00:00 rcu_bh
9 ? 00:00:00 rcu_sched
10 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0
11 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/1
12 ? 00:00:00 migration/1
13 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/1
15 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:0H
16 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/2
17 ? 00:00:00 migration/2
18 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/2
19 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:0
20 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:0H
21 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/3
22 ? 00:00:00 migration/3
23 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/3
25 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:0H
27 ? 00:00:00 kdevtmpfs
28 ? 00:00:00 netns
29 ? 00:00:00 khungtaskd
30 ? 00:00:00 writeback
31 ? 00:00:00 kintegrityd
32 ? 00:00:00 bioset
33 ? 00:00:00 kblockd
34 ? 00:00:00 md
36 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:1
41 ? 00:00:00 kswapd0
42 ? 00:00:00 ksmd
43 ? 00:00:00 khugepaged
44 ? 00:00:00 crypto
52 ? 00:00:00 kthrotld
53 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u256:1
54 ? 00:00:00 kmpath_rdacd
55 ? 00:00:00 kpsmoused
56 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:2
57 ? 00:00:00 ipv6_addrconf
76 ? 00:00:00 deferwq
77 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:1
109 ? 00:00:00 kauditd
166 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:1
255 ? 00:00:00 mpt_poll_0
257 ? 00:00:00 mpt/0
258 ? 00:00:00 ata_sff
265 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_0
266 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_0
267 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u256:2
268 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_1
269 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_1
270 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_2
271 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_2
274 ? 00:00:00 ttm_swap
287 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:2
293 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:1H
299 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:1H
302 ? 00:00:00 bioset
303 ? 00:00:00 xfsalloc
304 ? 00:00:00 xfs_mru_cache
305 ? 00:00:00 xfs-buf/sda3
306 ? 00:00:00 xfs-data/sda3
307 ? 00:00:00 xfs-conv/sda3
308 ? 00:00:00 xfs-cil/sda3
309 ? 00:00:00 xfs-reclaim/sda
310 ? 00:00:00 xfs-log/sda3
311 ? 00:00:00 xfs-eofblocks/s
312 ? 00:00:00 xfsaild/sda3
384 ? 00:00:00 systemd-journal
394 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:2
411 ? 00:00:00 rpciod
412 ? 00:00:00 xprtiod
416 ? 00:00:00 systemd-udevd
422 ? 00:00:00 lvmetad
443 ? 00:00:00 nfit
515 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:1H
518 ? 00:00:00 xfs-buf/sda1
519 ? 00:00:00 xfs-data/sda1
520 ? 00:00:00 xfs-conv/sda1
521 ? 00:00:00 xfs-cil/sda1
522 ? 00:00:00 xfs-reclaim/sda
523 ? 00:00:00 xfs-log/sda1
524 ? 00:00:00 xfs-eofblocks/s
525 ? 00:00:00 xfsaild/sda1
557 ? 00:00:00 auditd
559 ? 00:00:00 audispd
561 ? 00:00:00 sedispatch
583 ? 00:00:00 avahi-daemon
585 ? 00:00:00 systemd-logind
587 ? 00:00:00 rngd
588 ? 00:00:00 rsyslogd
592 ? 00:00:00 avahi-daemon
594 ? 00:00:00 abrtd
597 ? 00:00:00 ModemManager
598 ? 00:00:00 abrt-watch-log
600 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
606 ? 00:00:00 chronyd
610 ? 00:00:00 gssproxy
624 ? 00:00:00 NetworkManager
625 ? 00:00:00 irqbalance
626 ? 00:00:00 lsmd
627 ? 00:00:00 polkitd
628 ? 00:00:00 VGAuthService
629 ? 00:00:01 vmtoolsd
630 ? 00:00:00 accounts-daemon
632 ? 00:00:00 abrt-watch-log
633 ? 00:00:00 smartd
634 ? 00:00:00 rtkit-daemon
635 ? 00:00:00 alsactl
660 ? 00:00:00 ksmtuned
895 ? 00:00:00 sshd
897 ? 00:00:00 tuned
899 ? 00:00:00 cupsd
903 ? 00:00:00 libvirtd
913 ? 00:00:00 atd
917 ? 00:00:00 crond
922 ? 00:00:00 gdm
960 tty1 00:00:01 X
1156 ? 00:00:00 dnsmasq
1157 ? 00:00:00 dnsmasq
1301 ? 00:00:00 upowerd
1337 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:1H
1357 ? 00:00:00 wpa_supplicant
1358 ? 00:00:00 packagekitd
1380 ? 00:00:00 colord
1445 ? 00:00:00 gdm-session-wor
1451 ? 00:00:00 gnome-keyring-d
1462 ? 00:00:00 gnome-session-b
1469 ? 00:00:00 dbus-launch
1470 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
1527 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd
1532 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd-fuse
1624 ? 00:00:00 ssh-agent
1639 ? 00:00:00 at-spi-bus-laun
1644 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
1646 ? 00:00:00 at-spi2-registr
1665 ? 00:00:04 gnome-shell
1680 ? 00:00:00 ibus-daemon
1685 ? 00:00:00 ibus-dconf
1687 ? 00:00:00 ibus-x11
1695 ? 00:00:00 gnome-shell-cal
1697 ? 00:00:00 xdg-permission-
1709 ? 00:00:00 evolution-sourc
1712 ? 00:00:00 mission-control
1718 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-udisks2-vo
1720 ? 00:00:00 goa-daemon
1727 ? 00:00:00 udisksd
1742 ? 00:00:00 goa-identity-se
1752 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-mtp-volume
1757 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-gphoto2-vo
1762 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-afc-volume
1768 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-goa-volume
1776 ? 00:00:00 gnome-settings-
1785 ? 00:00:00 pulseaudio
1798 ? 00:00:00 nautilus-deskto
1801 ? 00:00:00 gsd-printer
1804 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd-trash
1817 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
1818 ? 00:00:00 abrt-applet
1820 ? 00:00:00 gnome-software
1823 ? 00:00:01 vmtoolsd
1834 ? 00:00:00 tracker-extract
1838 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-a
1843 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-f
1845 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-u
1880 ? 00:00:00 tracker-store
1935 ? 00:00:00 ibus-engine-sim
1965 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
2036 ? 00:00:00 dconf-service
2070 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
2199 ? 00:00:00 evolution-addre
2208 ? 00:00:00 evolution-addre
2239 ? 00:00:00 gnome-control-c
2449 ? 00:00:00 sshd
2451 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
2453 ? 00:00:00 sshd
2471 ? 00:00:00 sftp-server
5669 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:2
5748 pts/1 00:00:00 mysqld_safe
6044 pts/1 00:00:05 mysqld
6332 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:1
6624 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0
7132 ? 00:00:00 sleep
7175 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
#显示与指定参数不符的所有进程
ps -N
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:01 systemd
2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/0
5 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H
7 ? 00:00:00 migration/0
8 ? 00:00:00 rcu_bh
9 ? 00:00:00 rcu_sched
10 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0
11 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/1
12 ? 00:00:00 migration/1
13 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/1
15 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:0H
16 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/2
17 ? 00:00:00 migration/2
18 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/2
19 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:0
20 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:0H
21 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/3
22 ? 00:00:00 migration/3
23 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/3
25 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:0H
27 ? 00:00:00 kdevtmpfs
28 ? 00:00:00 netns
29 ? 00:00:00 khungtaskd
30 ? 00:00:00 writeback
31 ? 00:00:00 kintegrityd
32 ? 00:00:00 bioset
33 ? 00:00:00 kblockd
34 ? 00:00:00 md
36 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:1
41 ? 00:00:00 kswapd0
42 ? 00:00:00 ksmd
43 ? 00:00:00 khugepaged
44 ? 00:00:00 crypto
52 ? 00:00:00 kthrotld
53 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u256:1
54 ? 00:00:00 kmpath_rdacd
55 ? 00:00:00 kpsmoused
56 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:2
57 ? 00:00:00 ipv6_addrconf
76 ? 00:00:00 deferwq
77 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:1
109 ? 00:00:00 kauditd
166 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:1
255 ? 00:00:00 mpt_poll_0
257 ? 00:00:00 mpt/0
258 ? 00:00:00 ata_sff
265 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_0
266 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_0
267 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u256:2
268 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_1
269 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_1
270 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_2
271 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_2
274 ? 00:00:00 ttm_swap
287 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:2
293 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:1H
299 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:1H
302 ? 00:00:00 bioset
303 ? 00:00:00 xfsalloc
304 ? 00:00:00 xfs_mru_cache
305 ? 00:00:00 xfs-buf/sda3
306 ? 00:00:00 xfs-data/sda3
307 ? 00:00:00 xfs-conv/sda3
308 ? 00:00:00 xfs-cil/sda3
309 ? 00:00:00 xfs-reclaim/sda
310 ? 00:00:00 xfs-log/sda3
311 ? 00:00:00 xfs-eofblocks/s
312 ? 00:00:00 xfsaild/sda3
384 ? 00:00:00 systemd-journal
394 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:2
411 ? 00:00:00 rpciod
412 ? 00:00:00 xprtiod
416 ? 00:00:00 systemd-udevd
422 ? 00:00:00 lvmetad
443 ? 00:00:00 nfit
515 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:1H
518 ? 00:00:00 xfs-buf/sda1
519 ? 00:00:00 xfs-data/sda1
520 ? 00:00:00 xfs-conv/sda1
521 ? 00:00:00 xfs-cil/sda1
522 ? 00:00:00 xfs-reclaim/sda
523 ? 00:00:00 xfs-log/sda1
524 ? 00:00:00 xfs-eofblocks/s
525 ? 00:00:00 xfsaild/sda1
557 ? 00:00:00 auditd
559 ? 00:00:00 audispd
561 ? 00:00:00 sedispatch
583 ? 00:00:00 avahi-daemon
585 ? 00:00:00 systemd-logind
587 ? 00:00:00 rngd
588 ? 00:00:00 rsyslogd
592 ? 00:00:00 avahi-daemon
594 ? 00:00:00 abrtd
597 ? 00:00:00 ModemManager
598 ? 00:00:00 abrt-watch-log
600 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
606 ? 00:00:00 chronyd
610 ? 00:00:00 gssproxy
624 ? 00:00:00 NetworkManager
625 ? 00:00:00 irqbalance
626 ? 00:00:00 lsmd
627 ? 00:00:00 polkitd
628 ? 00:00:00 VGAuthService
629 ? 00:00:01 vmtoolsd
630 ? 00:00:00 accounts-daemon
632 ? 00:00:00 abrt-watch-log
633 ? 00:00:00 smartd
634 ? 00:00:00 rtkit-daemon
635 ? 00:00:00 alsactl
660 ? 00:00:00 ksmtuned
895 ? 00:00:00 sshd
897 ? 00:00:00 tuned
899 ? 00:00:00 cupsd
903 ? 00:00:00 libvirtd
913 ? 00:00:00 atd
917 ? 00:00:00 crond
922 ? 00:00:00 gdm
960 tty1 00:00:01 X
1156 ? 00:00:00 dnsmasq
1157 ? 00:00:00 dnsmasq
1301 ? 00:00:00 upowerd
1337 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:1H
1357 ? 00:00:00 wpa_supplicant
1358 ? 00:00:00 packagekitd
1380 ? 00:00:00 colord
1445 ? 00:00:00 gdm-session-wor
1451 ? 00:00:00 gnome-keyring-d
1462 ? 00:00:00 gnome-session-b
1469 ? 00:00:00 dbus-launch
1470 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
1527 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd
1532 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd-fuse
1624 ? 00:00:00 ssh-agent
1639 ? 00:00:00 at-spi-bus-laun
1644 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
1646 ? 00:00:00 at-spi2-registr
1665 ? 00:00:04 gnome-shell
1680 ? 00:00:00 ibus-daemon
1685 ? 00:00:00 ibus-dconf
1687 ? 00:00:00 ibus-x11
1695 ? 00:00:00 gnome-shell-cal
1697 ? 00:00:00 xdg-permission-
1709 ? 00:00:00 evolution-sourc
1712 ? 00:00:00 mission-control
1718 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-udisks2-vo
1720 ? 00:00:00 goa-daemon
1727 ? 00:00:00 udisksd
1742 ? 00:00:00 goa-identity-se
1752 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-mtp-volume
1757 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-gphoto2-vo
1762 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-afc-volume
1768 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-goa-volume
1776 ? 00:00:00 gnome-settings-
1785 ? 00:00:00 pulseaudio
1798 ? 00:00:00 nautilus-deskto
1801 ? 00:00:00 gsd-printer
1804 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd-trash
1817 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
1818 ? 00:00:00 abrt-applet
1820 ? 00:00:00 gnome-software
1823 ? 00:00:01 vmtoolsd
1834 ? 00:00:00 tracker-extract
1838 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-a
1843 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-f
1845 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-u
1880 ? 00:00:00 tracker-store
1935 ? 00:00:00 ibus-engine-sim
1965 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
2036 ? 00:00:00 dconf-service
2070 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
2199 ? 00:00:00 evolution-addre
2208 ? 00:00:00 evolution-addre
2239 ? 00:00:00 gnome-control-c
2449 ? 00:00:00 sshd
2453 ? 00:00:00 sshd
2471 ? 00:00:00 sftp-server
5669 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:2
6044 pts/1 00:00:05 mysqld
6332 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:1
6624 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0
7193 ? 00:00:00 sleep
#显示除了控制进程和无终端进程外的所有进程
ps -a
PID TTY TIME CMD
5748 pts/1 00:00:00 mysqld_safe
6044 pts/1 00:00:05 mysqld
7257 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
#显示除控制进程外所有的进程
ps -d
PID TTY TIME CMD
2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/0
5 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H
7 ? 00:00:00 migration/0
8 ? 00:00:00 rcu_bh
9 ? 00:00:00 rcu_sched
10 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0
11 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/1
12 ? 00:00:00 migration/1
13 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/1
15 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:0H
16 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/2
17 ? 00:00:00 migration/2
18 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/2
19 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:0
20 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:0H
21 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/3
22 ? 00:00:00 migration/3
23 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/3
25 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:0H
27 ? 00:00:00 kdevtmpfs
28 ? 00:00:00 netns
29 ? 00:00:00 khungtaskd
30 ? 00:00:00 writeback
31 ? 00:00:00 kintegrityd
32 ? 00:00:00 bioset
33 ? 00:00:00 kblockd
34 ? 00:00:00 md
36 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:1
41 ? 00:00:00 kswapd0
42 ? 00:00:00 ksmd
43 ? 00:00:00 khugepaged
44 ? 00:00:00 crypto
52 ? 00:00:00 kthrotld
53 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u256:1
54 ? 00:00:00 kmpath_rdacd
55 ? 00:00:00 kpsmoused
56 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:2
57 ? 00:00:00 ipv6_addrconf
76 ? 00:00:00 deferwq
77 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:1
109 ? 00:00:00 kauditd
166 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:1
255 ? 00:00:00 mpt_poll_0
257 ? 00:00:00 mpt/0
258 ? 00:00:00 ata_sff
265 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_0
266 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_0
267 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u256:2
268 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_1
269 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_1
270 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_2
271 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_2
274 ? 00:00:00 ttm_swap
287 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:2
293 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:1H
299 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:1H
302 ? 00:00:00 bioset
303 ? 00:00:00 xfsalloc
304 ? 00:00:00 xfs_mru_cache
305 ? 00:00:00 xfs-buf/sda3
306 ? 00:00:00 xfs-data/sda3
307 ? 00:00:00 xfs-conv/sda3
308 ? 00:00:00 xfs-cil/sda3
309 ? 00:00:00 xfs-reclaim/sda
310 ? 00:00:00 xfs-log/sda3
311 ? 00:00:00 xfs-eofblocks/s
312 ? 00:00:00 xfsaild/sda3
394 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:2
411 ? 00:00:00 rpciod
412 ? 00:00:00 xprtiod
443 ? 00:00:00 nfit
515 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:1H
518 ? 00:00:00 xfs-buf/sda1
519 ? 00:00:00 xfs-data/sda1
520 ? 00:00:00 xfs-conv/sda1
521 ? 00:00:00 xfs-cil/sda1
522 ? 00:00:00 xfs-reclaim/sda
523 ? 00:00:00 xfs-log/sda1
524 ? 00:00:00 xfs-eofblocks/s
525 ? 00:00:00 xfsaild/sda1
561 ? 00:00:00 sedispatch
592 ? 00:00:00 avahi-daemon
606 ? 00:00:00 chronyd
660 ? 00:00:00 ksmtuned
1156 ? 00:00:00 dnsmasq
1157 ? 00:00:00 dnsmasq
1337 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:1H
1445 ? 00:00:00 gdm-session-wor
1451 ? 00:00:00 gnome-keyring-d
1469 ? 00:00:00 dbus-launch
1527 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd
1532 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd-fuse
1639 ? 00:00:00 at-spi-bus-laun
1644 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
1646 ? 00:00:00 at-spi2-registr
1665 ? 00:00:04 gnome-shell
1680 ? 00:00:00 ibus-daemon
1685 ? 00:00:00 ibus-dconf
1687 ? 00:00:00 ibus-x11
1695 ? 00:00:00 gnome-shell-cal
1697 ? 00:00:00 xdg-permission-
1709 ? 00:00:00 evolution-sourc
1712 ? 00:00:00 mission-control
1718 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-udisks2-vo
1720 ? 00:00:00 goa-daemon
1742 ? 00:00:00 goa-identity-se
1752 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-mtp-volume
1757 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-gphoto2-vo
1762 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-afc-volume
1768 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-goa-volume
1776 ? 00:00:00 gnome-settings-
1785 ? 00:00:00 pulseaudio
1798 ? 00:00:00 nautilus-deskto
1801 ? 00:00:00 gsd-printer
1804 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd-trash
1817 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
1818 ? 00:00:00 abrt-applet
1820 ? 00:00:00 gnome-software
1823 ? 00:00:01 vmtoolsd
1834 ? 00:00:00 tracker-extract
1838 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-a
1843 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-f
1845 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-u
1880 ? 00:00:00 tracker-store
1935 ? 00:00:00 ibus-engine-sim
1965 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
2036 ? 00:00:00 dconf-service
2070 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
2199 ? 00:00:00 evolution-addre
2208 ? 00:00:00 evolution-addre
2239 ? 00:00:00 gnome-control-c
5669 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:2
5748 pts/1 00:00:00 mysqld_safe
6044 pts/1 00:00:06 mysqld
6332 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:1
6624 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0
7254 ? 00:00:00 sleep
7269 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
#显示所有进程
ps -e
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:01 systemd
2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/0
5 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H
7 ? 00:00:00 migration/0
8 ? 00:00:00 rcu_bh
9 ? 00:00:00 rcu_sched
10 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0
11 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/1
12 ? 00:00:00 migration/1
13 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/1
15 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:0H
16 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/2
17 ? 00:00:00 migration/2
18 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/2
19 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:0
20 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:0H
21 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/3
22 ? 00:00:00 migration/3
23 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/3
25 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:0H
27 ? 00:00:00 kdevtmpfs
28 ? 00:00:00 netns
29 ? 00:00:00 khungtaskd
30 ? 00:00:00 writeback
31 ? 00:00:00 kintegrityd
32 ? 00:00:00 bioset
33 ? 00:00:00 kblockd
34 ? 00:00:00 md
36 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:1
41 ? 00:00:00 kswapd0
42 ? 00:00:00 ksmd
43 ? 00:00:00 khugepaged
44 ? 00:00:00 crypto
52 ? 00:00:00 kthrotld
53 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u256:1
54 ? 00:00:00 kmpath_rdacd
55 ? 00:00:00 kpsmoused
56 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:2
57 ? 00:00:00 ipv6_addrconf
76 ? 00:00:00 deferwq
77 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:1
109 ? 00:00:00 kauditd
166 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:1
255 ? 00:00:00 mpt_poll_0
257 ? 00:00:00 mpt/0
258 ? 00:00:00 ata_sff
265 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_0
266 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_0
267 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u256:2
268 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_1
269 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_1
270 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_2
271 ? 00:00:00 scsi_tmf_2
274 ? 00:00:00 ttm_swap
287 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:2
293 ? 00:00:00 kworker/2:1H
299 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:1H
302 ? 00:00:00 bioset
303 ? 00:00:00 xfsalloc
304 ? 00:00:00 xfs_mru_cache
305 ? 00:00:00 xfs-buf/sda3
306 ? 00:00:00 xfs-data/sda3
307 ? 00:00:00 xfs-conv/sda3
308 ? 00:00:00 xfs-cil/sda3
309 ? 00:00:00 xfs-reclaim/sda
310 ? 00:00:00 xfs-log/sda3
311 ? 00:00:00 xfs-eofblocks/s
312 ? 00:00:00 xfsaild/sda3
384 ? 00:00:00 systemd-journal
394 ? 00:00:00 kworker/3:2
411 ? 00:00:00 rpciod
412 ? 00:00:00 xprtiod
416 ? 00:00:00 systemd-udevd
422 ? 00:00:00 lvmetad
443 ? 00:00:00 nfit
515 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:1H
518 ? 00:00:00 xfs-buf/sda1
519 ? 00:00:00 xfs-data/sda1
520 ? 00:00:00 xfs-conv/sda1
521 ? 00:00:00 xfs-cil/sda1
522 ? 00:00:00 xfs-reclaim/sda
523 ? 00:00:00 xfs-log/sda1
524 ? 00:00:00 xfs-eofblocks/s
525 ? 00:00:00 xfsaild/sda1
557 ? 00:00:00 auditd
559 ? 00:00:00 audispd
561 ? 00:00:00 sedispatch
583 ? 00:00:00 avahi-daemon
585 ? 00:00:00 systemd-logind
587 ? 00:00:00 rngd
588 ? 00:00:00 rsyslogd
592 ? 00:00:00 avahi-daemon
594 ? 00:00:00 abrtd
597 ? 00:00:00 ModemManager
598 ? 00:00:00 abrt-watch-log
600 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
606 ? 00:00:00 chronyd
610 ? 00:00:00 gssproxy
624 ? 00:00:00 NetworkManager
625 ? 00:00:00 irqbalance
626 ? 00:00:00 lsmd
627 ? 00:00:00 polkitd
628 ? 00:00:00 VGAuthService
629 ? 00:00:01 vmtoolsd
630 ? 00:00:00 accounts-daemon
632 ? 00:00:00 abrt-watch-log
633 ? 00:00:00 smartd
634 ? 00:00:00 rtkit-daemon
635 ? 00:00:00 alsactl
660 ? 00:00:00 ksmtuned
895 ? 00:00:00 sshd
897 ? 00:00:00 tuned
899 ? 00:00:00 cupsd
903 ? 00:00:00 libvirtd
913 ? 00:00:00 atd
917 ? 00:00:00 crond
922 ? 00:00:00 gdm
960 tty1 00:00:01 X
1156 ? 00:00:00 dnsmasq
1157 ? 00:00:00 dnsmasq
1301 ? 00:00:00 upowerd
1337 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:1H
1357 ? 00:00:00 wpa_supplicant
1358 ? 00:00:00 packagekitd
1380 ? 00:00:00 colord
1445 ? 00:00:00 gdm-session-wor
1451 ? 00:00:00 gnome-keyring-d
1462 ? 00:00:00 gnome-session-b
1469 ? 00:00:00 dbus-launch
1470 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
1527 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd
1532 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd-fuse
1624 ? 00:00:00 ssh-agent
1639 ? 00:00:00 at-spi-bus-laun
1644 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon
1646 ? 00:00:00 at-spi2-registr
1665 ? 00:00:04 gnome-shell
1680 ? 00:00:00 ibus-daemon
1685 ? 00:00:00 ibus-dconf
1687 ? 00:00:00 ibus-x11
1695 ? 00:00:00 gnome-shell-cal
1697 ? 00:00:00 xdg-permission-
1709 ? 00:00:00 evolution-sourc
1712 ? 00:00:00 mission-control
1718 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-udisks2-vo
1720 ? 00:00:00 goa-daemon
1727 ? 00:00:00 udisksd
1742 ? 00:00:00 goa-identity-se
1752 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-mtp-volume
1757 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-gphoto2-vo
1762 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-afc-volume
1768 ? 00:00:00 gvfs-goa-volume
1776 ? 00:00:00 gnome-settings-
1785 ? 00:00:00 pulseaudio
1798 ? 00:00:00 nautilus-deskto
1801 ? 00:00:00 gsd-printer
1804 ? 00:00:00 gvfsd-trash
1817 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
1818 ? 00:00:00 abrt-applet
1820 ? 00:00:00 gnome-software
1823 ? 00:00:01 vmtoolsd
1834 ? 00:00:00 tracker-extract
1838 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-a
1843 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-f
1845 ? 00:00:00 tracker-miner-u
1880 ? 00:00:00 tracker-store
1935 ? 00:00:00 ibus-engine-sim
1965 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
2036 ? 00:00:00 dconf-service
2070 ? 00:00:00 evolution-calen
2199 ? 00:00:00 evolution-addre
2208 ? 00:00:00 evolution-addre
2239 ? 00:00:00 gnome-control-c
2449 ? 00:00:00 sshd
2451 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
2453 ? 00:00:00 sshd
2471 ? 00:00:00 sftp-server
5669 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:2
5748 pts/1 00:00:00 mysqld_safe
6044 pts/1 00:00:06 mysqld
6332 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:1
6624 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0
7314 ? 00:00:00 sleep
7332 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
#显示属主的用户ID在userlist列表中的进程
ps -g
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
960 tty1 Ssl+ 0:01 /usr/bin/X :0 -background none -noreset -audit 4 -ve
2451 pts/1 Ss 0:00 -bash
5748 pts/1 S 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/mysql8/bin/mysqld_safe --da
7394 pts/1 R+ 0:00 ps -g
#显示会话ID在sesslist列表中的进程
ps -s
UID PID PENDING BLOCKED IGNORED CAUGHT STAT TTY TIME COMMAND
0 960 00000000 00000000 00301000 <c18066cf Ssl+ tty1 0:01 /usr/b
0 2451 00000000 00010000 00384004 4b813efb Ss pts/1 0:00 -bash
0 5748 00000000 00010000 00005007 00010000 S pts/1 0:00 /bin/s
0 7425 00000000 00000000 00000000 <f3d1fef9 R+ pts/1 0:00 ps -s
#显示终端ID在ttylist列表中的进程
ps -t
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
2451 pts/1 Ss 0:00 -bash
5748 pts/1 S 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/mysql8/bin/mysqld_safe --da
6044 pts/1 Sl 0:06 /usr/local/mysql/mysql8/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/lo
7456 pts/1 R+ 0:00 ps -t
#显示有效用户ID在userlist列表中的进程
ps -u
#显示更多额外输出
ps -F
#显示默认的输出列以及format列表指定的特定列
ps -O
#显示进程的安全信息
ps -M
#显示进程的额外调度器信息
ps -c
#显示完整格式的输出
ps -f
#显示任务信息
ps -j
#显示长列表
ps -l
#仅显示由format指定的列
ps -o
#不要显示进程标记
ps -y
#显示安全标签
ps -Z
#用层级格式来显示进程
ps -H
#定义了WCHAN列显示的值
ps -n
#采用宽输出模式,不限宽度显示
ps -w
#显示进程中的线程
ps -L
#显示ps命令的版本号
ps -V
#实时显示进程信息
top
这些参数是可以组合使用的,举个例子,如 果你想查看系统上运行的所有进程,可用-ef 参 数组合。只需要牢牢记住这些用来提取有用的进程信息的参数,并不是全部都要自己记下来。
ps与grep命令配合使用可以很快的查找到进程。
比如:ps -e | grep mysqld
这行命令的意思就是把 | 号前面命令执行的结果传给 | 后面的命令。字面意思就是 ps -e查到全部的进程然后执行grep mysqld把带有mysqld的进程查找出来。
结束进程
kill参数停止进程,但是有些进程会忽略这个请求
kill 进程ID
kill -s 强制终止进程
kill -s
killall参数支持通过进程名来终止进程,还有一个特点是这个参数支持*号统配符。已root用户执行killall时要谨慎,防止关闭其他无辜进程妨碍系统运行。
#这样它就结束了所有名字以http开头的进程
killall http*
检测磁盘空间
挂载存储媒体
mount 命令会输出当前系统上挂载的设备列表
mount
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on / type ext3 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)
/dev/sdb1 on /media/disk type vfat (rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=hal,shortname=lower,uid=503)
umount命令可以从Linux上移除一个可移设备,不能直接从系统上移除,而应该先卸载。如果有任何进程正在使用卸载的目录,系统都不会允许你卸载它,可以通过ls -l 卸载的目录,查看是否有进程正在使用。
umount 卸载的目录
df命令可以使你看到系统磁盘的使用情况和剩余空间-m 为兆字节,-G为吉字节
df
blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 18251068 7703964 9605024 45%
/dev/sda1 101086 18680 77187 20%
/boot/tmpfs 119536 0 119536 0%
/dev/shm /dev/sdb1 127462 113892 13570 90%
free 查看内存使用情况
free
free -m参数显示内存的单位为Mb
free -g参数显示内存的单位为Gb
排序数据
sort 可以对文本文件中的数据进行排序展示
sort test
five
four
one
three
two
-M参数可以让命令自动识别三字符的月份名进行排序。
sort -M test
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
搜索数据
grep 命令用于在大文件中找某一行数据时使用
#grep 查找内容 文件绝对路径
grep Apr two.txt
Apr
-V 用于反向搜索,也就是查找除了包含查找内容之外的所有数据
#grep -v 查找内容 文件绝对路径
grep -v Apr two.txt
Jan
Feb
Mar
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
-n参数可以显示匹配的行所在的行号
# grep -n 查找内容 文件绝对路径
grep -n Apr two.txt
4:Apr
-c参数用于统计含有查找有多少行包含查找内容的个数
# grep -c 查找内容 文件绝对路径
grep -c Apr two.txt
2
归档数据
tar 能够很好地将数据压缩和归档进单 个文件,但它不是Unix和Linux中的标准归档工 具。目前,Unix和Linux上最广泛使用的归档工具 是tar 命令。
创建归档文件常用命令(可以进行多个文件压缩,多个路径之间用空格分开)
#tar -cvf 压缩文件名 压缩文件绝对路径
tar -cvf test.tar test/ test2/
列出归档文件内容但是不提取文件
tar -tf two.txt.tar
two.txt
提取归档文件中的内容
tar -xvf test.tar
而以.tgz结尾的压缩文件可以通过tar -zxvf解压
tar -zxvf test.tgz
sleep 睡眠命令
sleep 睡眠时间(以秒为单位)会将会话窗口睡眠10秒钟
sleep 10
sleep 10& 在sleep命令最后加上&sleep会前往后台进行睡眠这时候你可以使用jobs来查看sleep命令状态
sleep 100&
[1] 5801
jobs
[1]+ 运行中 sleep 100 &
jobs 命令加上-l参数会显示命令的pid
jobs -l
[1]+ 5801 完成 sleep 100
查看历史命令 history
history 命令会将你之前输入过的命令展示出来最高保存1000条命令
history
1 reboot
2 reboot
3 vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
4 cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
5 ip a
.....
823 sleep 10
824 sleep 100&
825 jobs
826 jobs -l
827 history
如果你想使用其中一条的历史命令,使用!加上命令编号就可以再次使用
!801
ls -l
总用量 28
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 8月 17 06:43 bin -> usr/bin
dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 4096 8月 17 06:50 boot
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 7 00:42 data
drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 3280 9月 7 18:18 dev
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 55 9月 7 19:06 dou
drwxr-xr-x. 137 root root 8192 9月 7 19:04 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 17 9月 7 00:42 home
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 8月 17 06:43 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 8月 17 06:43 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 media
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 mnt
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 16 8月 17 06:46 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 212 root root 0 9月 7 18:18 proc
dr-xr-x---. 14 root root 4096 9月 7 19:04 root
drwxr-xr-x 39 root root 1160 9月 7 19:02 run
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 8月 17 06:43 sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 srv
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 9月 7 18:18 sys
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 67 9月 6 21:54 Test
drwxrwxrwt. 24 root root 4096 9月 7 19:13 tmp
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 155 8月 17 06:43 usr
drwxr-xr-x. 21 root root 4096 8月 17 06:50 var
创建命令别名
alias 可以让你自己创建属于自己的命令别名比如我要把ls -l改成ty
alias ty='ls -l'
ty
总用量 28
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 9月 7 19:34 a.out
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 8月 17 06:43 bin -> usr/bin
dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 4096 8月 17 06:50 boot
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 9月 7 00:42 data
drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 3280 9月 7 18:18 dev
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 55 9月 7 19:06 dou
drwxr-xr-x. 137 root root 8192 9月 7 19:04 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 17 9月 7 00:42 home
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 8月 17 06:43 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 8月 17 06:43 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 media
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 mnt
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 16 8月 17 06:46 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 211 root root 0 9月 7 18:18 proc
dr-xr-x---. 14 root root 4096 9月 7 19:04 root
drwxr-xr-x 39 root root 1160 9月 7 19:02 run
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 8月 17 06:43 sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 srv
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 9月 7 18:18 sys
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 67 9月 6 21:54 Test
drwxrwxrwt. 24 root root 4096 9月 7 19:13 tmp
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 155 8月 17 06:43 usr
drwxr-xr-x. 21 root root 4096 8月 17 06:50 var
全局变量命令
env和printenv都可以将所有的全局变量展示出来
env
XDG_SESSION_ID=1
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
TERM=xterm
SHELL=/bin/bash
HISTSIZE=1000
SSH_CLIENT=192.168.230.1 50648 22
SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/0
如果你要显示某个变量的值可以使用printenv 变量名的形式,env命令不可以
printenv SSH_TTY
/dev/pts/0
创建环境变量
echo $变量名
echo $abc
#这里是在给变量赋值,linux对空格很敏感如果赋值的字符串中有空格需要加上单引号,如果没有空格可以不加单引号
abc='Hello Word'
echo $abc
Hello Word
创建全局局部变量
export 变量名
export abc
删除环境变量命令
unset 变量名
unset abc
echo $abc
添加PATH环境变量
echo
P
A
T
H
P
A
T
H
=
PATH PATH=
PATHPATH=PATH文件的路径
路径与路径之间用:号分割开
使用编辑器
vim编辑器
进入要编辑的文件
vim 文件名 或vi 文件名
vim编辑器会检测会话终端的类型(参见第2 章),并用全屏模式将整个控制台窗口作为编辑 器区域。
vim two.txt
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Apr
~
"two.txt" 13L, 62C 13,1 全部
进入文本编辑模式(按键盘i键)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Apr
-- 插入 -- 13,1 全部
编辑完成之后按esc键之后再按shit+:键
此时有四种命令退出文件
q :如果未修改缓冲区数据,退出。
q! :取消所有对缓冲区数据的修改并退出。
w 另一个文件的名字:将文件保存到另一个文件中。
wq :将缓冲区数据保存到文件中并退出。
在vim文本的情况下查找某个字符串的方法首先要先按esc键按/输入查找的字符串
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Apr
~
~
~
/Nov
nano编辑器
进入编辑命令 nano 文本名称
nano比较简单对新手比较友好
其中^表示Ctrl键
nano two.txt
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Apr
[ 已读取13 行 ]
^G 求助 ^O 写入 ^R 读档 ^Y 上页 ^K 剪切文字 ^C 游标位置
^X 离开 ^J 对齐 ^W 搜索 ^V 下页 ^U 还原剪切 ^T 拼写检查
此外还有emacs和kde编辑器,其中emacs编辑器的插入和删除缓冲区中的文本时非常强大。可以多加了解一下。
SCP将数据从一台Linux拷贝到另一台Linux上
从远处复制文件到本地目录
命令:scp 用户名@ip地址:文件绝对路径 复制到的文件路径