雪花算法（Snowflake）的简介及应用（Java）

1. 什么是雪花算法

• 雪花算法是一种分布式唯一ID生成算法，它可以生成一个64位的唯一ID，由时间戳、数据中心ID、机器ID和序列号组成。
• 优点是生成的ID全局唯一、趋势递增、信息量大、高并发性能好，适用于分布式系统中的唯一ID生成。
• 缺点是需要依赖于系统时间，如果系统时间回拨会导致ID重复，同时需要保证数据中心ID和机器ID的唯一性。
• 除了作为唯一ID生成器外，雪花算法还可以用于分布式锁、分布式事务等场景。

2. 应用（以 Java 为例）

2.1 代码

public class Snowflake {
    // 固定的起始时间戳
    private static final long START_STMP = 946684800000L;
    // 上一次生成ID的时间戳
    private long lastStmp = -1L;

    // 序列号所占的位数
    private static final long SEQUENCE_BIT = 12;
    // 机器ID所占的位数
    private static final long MACHINE_BIT = 5;
    // 数据中心ID所占的位数
    private static final long DATACENTER_BIT = 5;

    // 序列号的最大取值
    private static final long MAX_SEQUENCE = -1L ^ (-1L << SEQUENCE_BIT);
    // 机器ID的最大取值
    private static final long MAX_MACHINE_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << MACHINE_BIT);
    // 数据中心ID的最大取值
    private static final long MAX_DATACENTER_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << DATACENTER_BIT);

    // 序列号在ID中的左移位数
    private static final long MACHINE_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT;
    // 机器ID在ID中的左移位数
    private static final long DATACENTER_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT + MACHINE_BIT;
    // 数据中心ID在ID中的左移位数
    private static final long TIMESTMP_LEFT = DATACENTER_LEFT + DATACENTER_BIT;

    // 序列号
    private long sequence = 0L;
    // 机器ID
    private long machineId;
    // 数据中心ID
    private long datacenterId;

    public Snowflake(long datacenterId, long machineId) {
        if (datacenterId > MAX_DATACENTER_NUM || datacenterId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("datacenterId can't be greater than MAX_DATACENTER_NUM or less than 0");
        }
        if (machineId > MAX_MACHINE_NUM || machineId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("machineId can't be greater than MAX_MACHINE_NUM or less than 0");
        }
        this.datacenterId = datacenterId;
        this.machineId = machineId;
    }

    public synchronized long nextId() {
        long currStmp = getNewstmp();
        if (currStmp < lastStmp) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Clock moved backwards.  Refusing to generate id");
        }
        if (currStmp == lastStmp) {
            sequence = (sequence + 1) & MAX_SEQUENCE;
            if (sequence == 0L) {
                currStmp = getNextMill();
            }
        } else {
            sequence = 0L;
        }
        lastStmp = currStmp;
        return (currStmp - START_STMP) << TIMESTMP_LEFT
                | datacenterId << DATACENTER_LEFT
                | machineId << MACHINE_LEFT
                | sequence;
    }

    private long getNextMill() {
        long mill = getNewstmp();
        while (mill <= lastStmp) {
            mill = getNewstmp();
        }
        return mill;
    }

    private long getNewstmp() {
        return System.currentTimeMillis();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Snowflake s = new Snowflake(1, 2);
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            System.out.println(s.nextId());
        }
    }
}

2.2 运行结果

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