- 坐标轴
- 平移
- 旋转
- 缩放
- 重置坐标轴
- 矩阵操作
- 示例
1、坐标轴
OpenGL 使用的右手坐标系,从正面看原点,逆时针旋转被认为是正旋转。
x轴:从左到右
y轴:从底部向上
z轴:从屏幕背向朝向前方
2、平移
public abstract void glTranslatef(float x ,float y, float z)
平移操作相当于对坐标值进行加减法
二维中起点{-2,1} 要到{1,3} 我们需要添加{3,2}
三维中 {1,1,0} 要移动到{1,1,-3},我们需要添加{0,0,-3} 移动到屏幕中
gl.glTranslatef(0,0,-3);
3、旋转
public abstract void glRotatef(float angle,float x,float y,float z)
对坐标轴进行的操作
x,y,z 定义旋转的矢量,角度值是旋转的度数,
执行平移和旋转的顺序很重要
先平移-旋转,首先在网格上进行平移然后旋转它,则在网格坐标系当前状态上进行平移,新位置进行旋转
先旋转-后平移, 首先旋转,后移动到自己的旋转坐标系
4、缩放
public abstract void glScalef(float x,float y,float z)
缩放相当于将所有点的坐标值与缩放值相乘,对坐标轴进行的操作。gl.glScalef(2f,2f,2f) 进行缩放。意味着所有顶点乘与2
缩放与平移:
缩放和平移的顺序很重要
平移2个单位,缩放值0.5
gl.glTranslatef(2,0,0);
gl.glScalef(0.5f,0.5f,0.5f);
先进行缩放,后平移
gl.glScanlef(0.5f,0.5f,0.5f);
gl.glTranslatef(2,0,0);
5、重置坐标轴
glLoadIdentity
public abstract void glLoadIdentity();
6、矩阵操作
glPushMatrix
public abstract void glPushMatrix();
复制当前操作后的矩阵保存到堆栈中.
glPopMatrix
public abstract void glPopMatrix();
从堆栈中获取上一个保存的矩阵,
实践案例:
绘制3个方格,A、B、C 。缩放B 50%,然后让A、C比B小50% ,然后让A逆时针旋转屏幕中心。B硬顺时针绕A旋转,最后C绕B顺时针旋转,逆时针绕其自身中心高速旋转。
public class GLES20Renderer3 implements GLSurfaceView.Renderer{ private Square square; private float angle=0; public GLES20Renderer3(){ square=new Square(); } @Override public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 gl, EGLConfig config) { gl.glClearColor(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.5f); gl.glShadeModel(GL10.GL_SMOOTH); gl.glClearDepthf(1.0f); gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_DEPTH_TEST); gl.glDepthFunc(GL10.GL_LEQUAL); gl.glHint(GL10.GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT,GL10.GL_NICEST); } @Override public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 gl, int width, int height) { gl.glViewport(0,0,width,height); gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_PROJECTION); gl.glLoadIdentity(); GLU.gluPerspective(gl,45.0f,(float)width/(float)height,0.1f,100.0f); gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_MODELVIEW); gl.glLoadIdentity(); } @Override public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) { gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL10.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); gl.glLoadIdentity(); gl.glTranslatef(0,0,-10); //A gl.glPushMatrix(); gl.glRotatef(angle,0,0,1); square.draw(gl); gl.glPopMatrix(); //B gl.glPushMatrix(); gl.glRotatef(-angle,0,0,1); gl.glTranslatef(2,0,0); gl.glScalef(.5f,.5f,.5f); square.draw(gl); //C gl.glPushMatrix(); gl.glRotatef(-angle,0,0,1); gl.glTranslatef(2,0,0); gl.glScalef(.5f,.5f,.5f); square.draw(gl); gl.glPopMatrix(); gl.glPopMatrix(); angle++; } }
public class Square { private float vertices[]={ -1.0f,1.0f,0.0f, -1.0f,-1.0f,0.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,0.0f, 1.0f,1.0f,0.0f, }; private short[] indices={0,1,2,0,2,3}; private FloatBuffer vertexBuffer; private ShortBuffer indexBuffer; public Square(){ ByteBuffer vbb=ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length*4); vbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); vertexBuffer=vbb.asFloatBuffer(); vertexBuffer.put(vertices); vertexBuffer.position(0); ByteBuffer ibb=ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(indices.length*2); ibb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); indexBuffer=ibb.asShortBuffer(); indexBuffer.put(indices); indexBuffer.position(0); } public void draw(GL10 gl){ gl.glFrontFace(GL10.GL_CCW); gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE); gl.glCullFace(GL10.GL_BACK); gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); gl.glVertexPointer(3,GL10.GL_FLOAT,0, vertexBuffer); gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES,indices.length,GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT,indexBuffer); gl.glDisableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); gl.glDisable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE); } }