MySQL中utf-8和utf8到底有啥区别

MySQL中utf-8和utf8到底有啥区别

MySQL中，编码格式一直是写"utf8",而不是"utf-8"。
我最近在学Mybatis的时候，会遇到这样的错误：

### Error building SqlSession.
### Cause: org.apache.ibatis.builder.BuilderException: Error creating document instance.  Cause: com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.io.MalformedByteSequenceException: 2 字节的 UTF-8 序列的字节 2 无效。

我把配置文件mybatis-config.xml中的<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>中改为"UTF8"后，就好了。而框架的其他配置文件pom.xml中的"UTF-8"不改也没事。
原来，问题的症结在于，MySQL 的“utf8”实际上不是真正的"UTF-8"。
“utf8”只支持每个字符最多三个字节，而真正的 UTF-8 是每个字符最多四个字节。MySQL 一直没有修复这个 bug，他们在 2010 年发布了一个叫作“utf8mb4”的字符集，绕过了这个问题。当然，他们并没有对新的字符集广而告之（可能是因为这个 bug 让他们觉得很尴尬），以致于现在网络上仍然在建议开发者使用“utf8”，但这些建议都是错误的。
简单概括如下：
MySQL 的“utf8mb4”是真正的“UTF-8”。
MySQL 的“utf8”是一种“专属的编码”，它能够编码的 Unicode 字符并不多。
所以在MySQL中，真正实现“UTF-8”功能的是“utf8mb4”。
所以在与MySQL相关的东西上，如mybatis，都要用“UTF8”而不是“UTF-8”。

完整的测试程序报错如下：

java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError
	at com.kuang.dao.UserDaoTest.test(UserDaoTest.java:20)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
	at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:59)
	at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12)
	at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:56)
	at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:17)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:306)
	at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner$1.evaluate(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:100)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:366)
	at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:103)
	at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:63)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$4.run(ParentRunner.java:331)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:79)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:329)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$100(ParentRunner.java:66)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:293)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:306)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:413)
	at org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.run(JUnitCore.java:137)
	at com.intellij.junit4.JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.java:69)
	at com.intellij.rt.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:33)
	at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:221)
	at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:54)
Caused by: org.apache.ibatis.exceptions.PersistenceException: 
### Error building SqlSession.
### Cause: org.apache.ibatis.builder.BuilderException: Error creating document instance.  Cause: com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.io.MalformedByteSequenceException: 2 字节的 UTF-8 序列的字节 2 无效。
	at org.apache.ibatis.exceptions.ExceptionFactory.wrapException(ExceptionFactory.java:30)
	at org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.build(SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.java:80)
	at org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.build(SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.java:64)
	at com.kuang.utils.MybatisUtils.<clinit>(MybatisUtils.java:26)
	... 26 more
Caused by: org.apache.ibatis.builder.BuilderException: Error creating document instance.  Cause: com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.io.MalformedByteSequenceException: 2 字节的 UTF-8 序列的字节 2 无效。
	at org.apache.ibatis.parsing.XPathParser.createDocument(XPathParser.java:263)
	at org.apache.ibatis.parsing.XPathParser.<init>(XPathParser.java:127)
	at org.apache.ibatis.builder.xml.XMLConfigBuilder.<init>(XMLConfigBuilder.java:82)
	at org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.build(SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.java:77)
	... 28 more
Caused by: com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.io.MalformedByteSequenceException: 2 字节的 UTF-8 序列的字节 2 无效。
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.io.UTF8Reader.invalidByte(UTF8Reader.java:701)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.io.UTF8Reader.read(UTF8Reader.java:372)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLEntityScanner.load(XMLEntityScanner.java:1895)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLEntityScanner.scanData(XMLEntityScanner.java:1375)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLScanner.scanComment(XMLScanner.java:801)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.scanComment(XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.java:1034)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentScannerImpl$PrologDriver.next(XMLDocumentScannerImpl.java:899)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentScannerImpl.next(XMLDocumentScannerImpl.java:602)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.scanDocument(XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.java:505)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XML11Configuration.parse(XML11Configuration.java:841)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XML11Configuration.parse(XML11Configuration.java:770)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XMLParser.parse(XMLParser.java:141)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.DOMParser.parse(DOMParser.java:243)
	at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.jaxp.DocumentBuilderImpl.parse(DocumentBuilderImpl.java:339)
	at org.apache.ibatis.parsing.XPathParser.createDocument(XPathParser.java:261)
	... 31 more


Process finished with exit code -1