原型和原型链、闭包、reduce方法

原型链（图）：

原型： 

不使用原型

    function People(name, age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.speak = function () {
            console.log(this.name + ": 在说话");
        }
    }
    var p1 = new People("张三", 18);
    console.log(p1);
    p1.speak();

    var p2 = new People("李四", 28);
    console.log(p2);
    p2.speak();

    console.log(p1.speak === p2.speak); // false

 使用原型

    function People(name, age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    // 两种原型声明方式：
    People.prototype.legs = 2;
    People.prototype.speak = function () {
        console.log(this.name + ": 在说话");
    }
    People.prototype = {
        consotructor: People,
        speak: function () {
            console.log(this.name + ": 在说话");
        }
    }

    var p1 = new People("张三", 18);
    console.log(p1);
    p1.speak();

    var p2 = new People("李四", 28);
    console.log(p2);
    p2.speak();

    console.log(p1.speak === p2.speak) // false
    console.log(p1.__proto__ === People.prototype);  // true

es5中实现继承

    function People(name,age){
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
    People.prototype.legs = 2;
    People.prototype.speak = function(){
       console.log(this.name + ": 在说话");
    }

    function Student(name,age,id){
        // 属性继承
        People.call(this,name,age);
        // 添加自己独有的属性
        this.id = id;
    }
    // 原型继承
    Student.prototype = Object.create(People.prototype);
    Student.prototype.goToSchool = function(){
        console.log("上学校");
    }

    var s1 = new Student("小小",12,541010011);
    s1.speak();
    s1.goToSchool();

es6新继承语法

    class People {
        constructor(name, age) {
            this.name = name;
            this.age = age;
        }
        speak() {
            console.log(this.name + ": 在说话");
        }
    }
    var p1 = new People("张三", 18);
    console.log(p1);
    p1.speak();

    class Student extends People {
        constructor(name, age, id) {
            super(name, age);
            this.id = id;
        }
    }
    var s1 = new Student("小小", 12, 541010011);
    console.log(s1);
    s1.speak();

js中的对象都有一个__proto__的属性，叫做原型

反例

    var abc = Object.create(null);
    console.log(abc); // 没有

 闭包、reduce方法

    // 没有使用闭包
    function sum(arr) {
        return arr.reduce(function (x, y) {
            return x + y;
        });
    }
    var reduce = sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
    console.log(reduce); // 15

    function lazy_sum(arr) {
        var abc = 100;
        return function () {
            return arr.reduce(function (x, y) {
                return x + y;
            });
        }
    }
    var temp1 = lazy_sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
    var temp2 = lazy_sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
    console.log(temp1 === temp2); // false
    // 隔了很多代码
    temp1();


    function count() {
        var arr = [];
        for (var i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
            arr.push((function (x) {
                return function () {
                    return x * x;
                }
            })(i));
        }
        return arr;
    }

    var results = count();
    var f1 = results[0];
    console.log(f1());  // 1
    var f2 = results[1];
    console.log(f2());  // 4
    var f3 = results[2];
    console.log(f3());  // 9