文章目录
1. 使用 SSH 访问远程命令行
1.1 OpenSSH 简介
OpenSSH
这一术语指系统中使用的Secure Shell
软件的软件实施。用于在远程系统上安全运行shell
。如果您在可提供ssh
服务的远程Linux
系统中拥有用户帐户,则ssh
是通常用来远程登录到该系统的命令。ssh
命令也可用于在远程系统中运行命令。
常见的远程登录工具有:
- telnet
- ssh
- dropbear
telnet //远程登录协议,23/TCP
认证明文
数据传输明文
ssh //Secure SHell,应用层协议,22/TCP
通信过程及认证过程是加密的,主机认证
用户认证过程加密
数据传输过程加密
dropbear //嵌入式系统专用的SSH服务器端和客户端工具
1.2 SSH 版本
openssh有两个版本,分别为v1和v2,其特点如下:
v1:基于CRC-32做MAC,无法防范中间人(man-in-middle)攻击
v2:双方主机协议选择安全的MAC方式。基于DH算法做密钥交换,基于RSA或DSA算法实现身份认证
1.3 SSH 认证方式
openssh
有两种认证方式,分别是:
- 基于口令认证
- 基于密钥认证
1.4 openSSH 的工作模式
openSSH
是基于C/S架构工作的。
服务器端 //sshd,配置文件在/etc/ssh/sshd_config
客户端 //ssh,配置文件在/etc/ssh/ssh_config
ssh-keygen //密钥生成器
ssh-copy-id //将公钥传输至远程服务器
scp //跨主机安全复制工具
1.5 Secure Shell 示例
//以当前用户身份创建远程交互式shell,然后在结束时使用exit命令返回到之前的shell
[root@localhost ~]# ssh 172.16.12.138
root@172.16.12.138's password:
Last login: Tue Jul 10 07:34:03 2018 from 172.16.12.136
[root@localhost ~]# exit
logout
Connection to 172.16.12.138 closed.
//以其他用户身份(remoteuser)在选定主机(remotehost)上连接到远程`shell`
[root@localhost ~]# ssh user1@172.16.12.138
user1@172.16.12.138's password:
[user1@localhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 172.16.12.138 closed.
//以远程用户身份(remoteuser)在远程主机(remotehost)上通过将输出返回到本地显示器的方式来执行单一命令
[root@localhost ~]# ip a s ens33
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:0e:70:22 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.12.136/24 brd 172.16.12.255 scope global dynamic ens33
valid_lft 1422sec preferred_lft 1422sec
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe0e:7022/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ssh user1@172.16.12.138 '/usr/sbin/ip a s ens33'
user1@172.16.12.138's password:
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:f4:5b:87 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.12.138/24 brd 172.16.12.255 scope global dynamic ens33
valid_lft 1666sec preferred_lft 1666sec
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fef4:5b87/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
//w命令可以显示当前登录到计算机的用户列表。这对于显示哪些用户使用ssh从哪些远程位置进行了登录以及执行了何种操作等内容特别有用
[root@localhost ~]# w
07:49:18 up 18 min, 2 users, load average: 0.02, 0.02, 0.05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root pts/0 172.16.12.1 07:31 6.00s 0.02s 0.00s w
user1 pts/1 172.16.12.136 07:49 5.00s 0.00s 0.00s -bash
1.6 SSH 主机密钥
ssh
通过公钥加密的方式保持通信安全。当某一ssh
客户端连接到ssh
服务器时,在该客户端登录之前,服务器会向其发送公钥副本。这可用于为通信渠道设置安全加密,并可验证客户端的服务器。
当用户第一次使用ssh
连接到特定服务器时,ssh
命令可在用户的/.ssh/known_hosts文件中存储该服务器的公钥。在此之后每当用户进行连接时,客户端都会通过对比/.ssh/known_hosts文件中的服务器条目和服务器发送的公钥,确保从服务器获得相同的公钥。如果公钥不匹配,客户端会假定网络通信已遭劫持或服务器已被入侵,并且中断连接。
这意味着,如果服务器的公钥发生更改(由于硬盘出现故障导致公钥丢失,或者出于某些正当理由替换公钥),用户则需要更新其~/.ssh/known_hosts文件并删除旧的条目才能够进行登录。
//主机ID存储在本地客户端系统上的 ~/.ssh/known_hosts 中
[root@localhost ~]# cat ~/.ssh/known_hosts
172.16.12.138 ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBHpBYg+C0GDiBU9mHsy8S3ju31OdfTq6cr6oprIsE/MM8yZdTrRh4gum8IXiVFchUelPD5R9IuTjsy8Eqy8l+Lc=
//主机密钥存储在SSH服务器上的 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key* 中
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/ssh/*key*
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
2. 配置基于 SSH 密钥的身份验证
用户可通过使用公钥身份验证进行ssh
登录身份验证。ssh
允许用户使用私钥-公钥方案进行身份验证。这意味着将生成私钥和公钥这两个密钥。私钥文件用作身份验证凭据,像密码一样,必须妥善保管。公钥复制到用户希望登录的系统,用于验证私钥。公钥并不需要保密。拥有公钥的ssh服务器可以发布仅持有您私钥的系统才可解答的问题。因此,可以根据所持有的密钥进行验证。如此一来,就不必在每次访问系统时键入密码,但安全性仍能得到保证。
使用ssh-keygen
命令生成密码。将会生成私钥~/.ssh/id_rsa
和公钥~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
。
注意:
生成密钥时,系统将提供指定密码的选项,在访问私钥时必须提供该密码。如果私钥被偷,除颁发者之外的其他任何人很难使用该私钥,因为已使用密码对其进行保护。这样,在攻击者破解并使用私钥前,会有足够的时间生成新的密钥对并删除所有涉及旧密钥的内容。
生成ssh密钥后,密钥将默认存储在家目录下的.ssh/目录中。私钥和公钥的权限就分别为600和644。.ssh目录权限必须是700。
在可以使用基于密钥的身份验证前,需要将公钥复制到目标系统上。可以使用ssh-copy-id
完成这一操作
[root@localhost ~]# ssh-copy-id remoteuser@remotehost
通过ssh-copy-id
将密钥复制到另一系统时,它默认复制~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
文件
//SSH密钥演示
//使用 ssh-keygen 创建公钥-私钥对
[root@localhost ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:8VyY3c3UEQvk1Pn95tYIF7sx9enlwG78hDjlX0entN0 root@localhost.localdomain
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| .+.o*|
| +o..*o|
| . o o...=|
| + . . +|
| S o .o+*|
| .=BBB|
| o=*XE|
| .*+B|
| . oo|
+----[SHA256]-----+
//使用 ssh-copy-id 将公钥复制到远程系统上的正确位置
[root@localhost ~]# ls .ssh/
id_rsa id_rsa.pub
[root@localhost ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@172.16.12.138
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '172.16.12.138 (172.16.12.138)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:JK5WwrX8hynl3dyWO43e6+lcs6zn9oZn74z1H5X8F90.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:01:4f:4f:4b:0e:45:a9:10:bb:d0:c0:dd:19:9a:9f:96.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@172.16.12.138's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@172.16.12.138'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
//使用 ssh 命令无命令登录远程主机
[root@localhost ~]# ssh root@172.16.12.138
Last login: Tue Jul 10 18:37:51 2018 from 172.16.12.1
[root@localhost ~]# ip a s ens33
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:f4:5b:87 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.12.138/24 brd 172.16.12.255 scope global dynamic ens33
valid_lft 1377sec preferred_lft 1377sec
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fef4:5b87/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
//使用 scp 命令传送文件到远程主机
[root@localhost ~]# scp test.sh root@172.16.12.138:/tmp
root@172.16.12.138's password:
test.sh 100% 45 29.8KB/s 00:00
//使用 scp 命令从远程主机上下载文件到本地
[root@localhost ~]# ls
a anaconda-ks.cfg b nginx-1.12.2 nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz nohup.out outfile test.sh
[root@localhost ~]# rm -f test.sh
[root@localhost ~]# ls
a anaconda-ks.cfg b nginx-1.12.2 nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz nohup.out outfile
[root@localhost ~]# scp root@172.16.12.138:/tmp/test.sh .
root@172.16.12.138's password:
test.sh 100% 45 39.1KB/s 00:00
[root@localhost ~]# ls
a anaconda-ks.cfg b nginx-1.12.2 nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz nohup.out outfile test.sh
//scp命令常用选项
-r //递归复制
-p //保持权限
-P //端口
-q //静默模式
-a //全部复制
3. 自定义 SSH 服务配置
虽然OpenSSH
服务器通常无需修改,但会提供其他安全措施,可以在配置文件/etc/ssh/sshd_config
中修改OpenSSH
服务器的各个方面。
PermitRootLogin {yes|no} //是否允许root用户远程登录系统
PermitRootLogin without-password //仅允许root用户基于密钥方式远程登录
PasswordAuthentication {yes|no} //是否启用密码身份验证,默认开启
4. SSH 安全注意事项
- 密码应该经常换且足够复杂
[root@localhost ~]# tr -dc A-Za-z0-9_ < /dev/urandom | head -c 30 |xargs //生成30位的密码
LYH9cbirdT6E_hbColMFjZNf9Kd6If
[root@localhost ~]# openssl rand 20 -base64
Di9ry+dyV40xVvBHirsc3XpBOzg= //生成20位随机密码
- 使用非默认端口
- 限制登录客户端地址
- 仅监听特定的IP地址
- 禁止管理员直接登录
- 仅允许有限制用户登录
- AllowUsers
- AllowGroups
- 使用基于密钥的认证
- 禁止使用空密码
- 禁止使用SSHv1版本
- 设定空闲会话超时时长
- 利用防火墙设置ssh访问策略
- 限制ssh的访问频度和并发在线数
- 做好日志的备份,经常分析(集中于某台服务器)
3 作业
3.1说明密钥认证的过程
3.2配置基于 SSH 密钥的身份验证(官方版)
[root@wz ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): //默认位置/root/.ssh/id_rsa
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): //输入密钥密码(可以不用输入直接回车)
Enter same passphrase again: //再次输入密钥密码没有就回车
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:bszCkKw6qQ9OvB96wL1tEh1/AmTjJqXSPH7GzenXRFc root@wz
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| |
| = E |
| o * . . |
| . B * . . |
|. + X * S . . |
|.o = B X . . |
|.+o.* + B o |
|=oo+.o + . . |
|+*+.o . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@wz ~]# ls .ssh
id_rsa id_rsa.pub known_hosts
[root@wz ~]# ssh-copy-id root@192.168.26.166 //将.ssh/ssh_rsa.pub文件复制到192.168.213.155 root账户的.ssh/下
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.26.166's password: //输入192.168.26.166的root账户的密码
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.26.166'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@wz ~]# ssh root@192.168.26.166 //ssh登陆192.168.26.166就可以不使用密码了
Last login: Tue Oct 22 16:40:50 2019 from 192.168.26.188
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:16:bf:8d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.26.166/24 brd 192.168.26.255 scope global ens33
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe16:bf8d/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3.3 配置基于 SSH 密钥的身份验证(第三方版)
[root@wz ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): // 输入密码,不想要直接回车
Enter same passphrase again: //没有直接回车
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:gdQxKqq7sQCnMury+y6EcxCaxDjxKD7YwZ1LyvbBdBY root@wz
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|+. E.o. |
|+* . o +.. |
|=++ * = . |
|Bo B = . |
|o=B + S |
|+=+. . |
|B+ . |
|==. |
|B+o=o |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@wz ~]# ls .ssh
id_rsa id_rsa.pub known_hosts
[root@wz ~]# scp /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.26.166:/root/.ssh/authorized_keys //将id_rsa.pub拷贝一份到服务端的/root/.ssh/authorized_key下
root@192.168.26.166's password: //输入服务端密码
id_rsa.pub
[root@wz .ssh]# ssh root@192.168.26.166 //ssh登陆到服务端不需要密码了
Last failed login: Tue Oct 22 19:25:34 CST 2019 from 192.168.26.188 on ssh:notty
There were 6 failed login attempts since the last successful login.
Last login: Tue Oct 22 18:20:00 2019 from 192.168.26.188