差分数组-二维差分数组

差分数组

对于一个数组a，差分数组diff[]的定义是：

diff[i] = a[i] 1 a[i-1]
例如:
diff[1] = a[1]
diff[2] = a[2] - a[1]
…
diff[n] = a[n] - a[n-1]

对差分数组做前缀和，可以还原为原数组：

diff[1] + diff[2] + diff[3] +… + diff[i]
=a[1] + (a[2] - a[1]) + (a[3] - a[2]) +…+ (a[i] - a[i-1])
=a[i]

原数组：
[1,3,5,6,7]
变化：区间2到4的各元素+5
[1,3,5,6,7]——>[1,8,10,11,7]

差分数组：
[1,2,2,1,1]
变化：第2位+5，最后1位-5：
[1,2,2,1,1]——>[1,7,2,1,-4]

即：
原数组执行区间加法[l,r]都加上x，对于差分数组而言：
diff[l] += x
diff[r+1] -= x

①差分数组可以实现快速的区间加法，最终只需对差分数组求前缀和就能得到原数组。
②无法边修改边查询，只能先修改后查询
③diff[l] += x，相当于从l往后全部数字都加上x
④diff[r+1] -= x，相当于从r-1后全部数字都减去x

3291区间更新

题目链接：3291区间更新

while True:
    try:
        n, m = map(int, input().split())
        a = list(map(int, input().split()))
        # 构建差分数组
        diff = [0] * (n + 1)
        diff[0] = a[0]
        for i in range(1, n):
            diff[i] = a[i] - a[i - 1]
        # 区间求和转换成差分数组
        for _ in range(m):
            x, y, z = map(int, input().split())
            # x, y = x - 1, y - 1
            # diff[x] += z
            # diff[y + 1] -= z

            diff[x - 1] += z
            diff[y] -= z
        # 对差分数组求前缀和
        a[0] = diff[0]
        for i in range(1, n):
            a[i] = a[i - 1] + diff[i]
        print(' '.join(map(str, a)))
    except:
        break

运行结果

10 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 5 1
2 6 1
3 7 1
4 9 1
5 10 1
1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 2 1

1 1
1
1 1 2
3

二维差分数组

差分数组的前缀和 = 原数组
之前二维数组前缀和表达是：

sum_i,j = sum_i-1,j +sum_i,j-1 -sum_i-1,j-1 +a_i,j

上述sum替换为a，a替换为diff，就可以得到二位差分数组

a_i,j = a_i-1,j +a_i,j-1 -a_i-1,j-1 +diff_i,j

即：

diff_i,j =a_i,j - a_i-1,j -a_i,j-1+a_i-1,j-1

def output(a,n):
    for i in range(1,n+1):
        print(" ".join(map(str,a[i][1:])))
    print()

n , m = map(int,input().split())
#下标从1开始
a = [ [0]*(m+1) for i in range(n+1) ]
diff = [ [0]*(m+1) for i in range(n+1) ]
#print(a)

#输入一个二维数组
for i in range(1,n+1):
    a[i] = [0] + list(map(int,input().split()))
    #print(a[i])
output(a,n)


for i in range(1,n+1):
    for j in range(1,n+1):
        diff[i][j] = a[i][j]-a[i-1][j]-a[i][j-1]+a[i-1][j-1]
output(diff,n)

运行结果

4 4
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

1 1 1 1
4 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
4 0 0 0

矩阵(x1,y1) - (x2,y2)需要增加元素x
diff[x1][y1] += x
diff[x1][y2+1] -= x
diff[x2+1][y1] -= x
diff[x2+1][y2+1] += x

参考链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Charlie482/article/details/136380969?spm=1001.2014.3001.5502