1.无线通信：传播和衰落

1.1三种大尺度衰落模型：

             一般路径损耗模型；

            Okumura/Hata模型；

            IEEE 802.16d 模型。

 matlab代码：

  一般路径损耗模型：

function PL=PL_logdist_or_norm(fc,d,d0,n,sigma)
%     d    : 载波频率[Hz]
%     d0   : 基站与移动台之间的距离[m]
%     n    : 参考距离[m]
lamda = 3e8/fc;
PL = -20*log10(lamda/(4*pi*d0))+10*n*log10(d/d0);
if nargin>4
    PL = PL+sigma*randn(size(d));
end

function PL=PL_free(fc,dist,Gt,Gr)
% 自由空间路径损耗模型
% 输入
%     fc    :载波频率[Hz]
%     dist  :基站与移动台之间的距离[m]
%     Gt    :发射机天线增益
%     Gr    :接收机天线增益
% 输出
%     PL    :路径损耗[dB]
lamda = 3e8/fc;
tmp = lamda./(4*pi*dist);
if nargin>2
    tmp=tmp*sqrt(Gt);
end
if nargin>3
    tmp=tmp*sqrt(Gr);
end
PL=-20*log10(tmp);

clear all, clf, clc
fc = 1.5e9;
d0 = 100;
sigma = 3;
distance = [1:2:31].^2;
Gt = [1 1 0.5];
Gr = [1 0.5 0.5];
Exp = [2 3 6];
for k = 1:3
    y_Free(k,:)=PL_free(fc,distance,Gt(k),Gr(k));
    y_logdist(k,:)=PL_logdist_or_norm(fc,distance,d0,Exp(k));
    y_lognorm(k,:)=PL_logdist_or_norm(fc,distance,d0,Exp(1),sigma);
end
subplot(1,3,1)
semilogx(distance,y_Free(1,:),'k-o',distance,y_Free(2,:),'k-^',distance,y_Free(3,:),'k-s')
grid on,axis([1 1000 40 110])
title(['Free PL_loss Model,f_c=',num2str(fc/1e6),'MHz'])
xlabel('Distance[m]'),ylabel('Path loss[dB]')
legend('G_t=1,G_r=1','Gt=1,Gr=0.5','Gt=0.5,Gr=0.5','location','northwest')
subplot(1,3,2)
semilogx(distance,y_logdist(1,:),'k-o',distance,y_logdist(2,:),'k-^',distance,y_logdist(3,:),'k-s')
grid on,axis([1 1000 40 110])
title(['Log_distance Path_loss Model,f_c=',num2str(fc/1e6),'MHz'])
xlabel('Distance[m]'),ylabel('Path loss[dB]')
legend('n=2','n=3','n=6','location','northwest')
subplot(1,3,3)
semilogx(distance,y_lognorm(1,:),'k-o',distance,y_lognorm(2,:),'k-^',distance,y_lognorm(3,:),'k-s')
grid on,axis([1 1000 40 110])
title(['Log_normal Path_loss Model,f_c=',num2str(fc/1e6),'MHz,','\sigma',num2str(sigma),'dB'])
xlabel('Distance[m]'),ylabel('Path loss[dB]')
legend('path 1','path 2','path 3','location','northwest')

 

Okumura/Hata模型：

function PL=PL_Hata(fc,d,htx,hrx,Etype)
% Hata模型
% 输入
%     fc   : 载波频率[Hz]
%     d    : 基站与移动台之间的距离[m]
%     htx  : 发射机高度[m]
%     hrx  : 接收机高度[m]
%     Etype: 环境类型['urban','suburban','open']
% 输出
%     PL   : 路径损耗[dB]
if nargin<5
    Etype='URBAN';
end
fc = fc/(1e6);
if fc>=150&&fc<=200
    C_Rx=8.29*(log10(1.54*hrx))^2-1.1;
elseif fc>200
    C_Rx=3.2*(log10(11.75*hrx))^2-4.97;
else
    C_Rx=0.8+(1.1*log10(fc)-0.7)*hrx-1.56*log10(fc);
end
PL=69.55+26.16*log10(fc)-13.82*log10(htx)-C_Rx...
    +(44.9-6.55*log10(htx))*log10(d/1000);
Etype=upper(Etype);
if Etype(1)=='S'
    PL=PL-2*(log10(fc/28))^2-5.4;
elseif Etype(1)=='O'
    PL=PL+(18.33-4.78*log10(fc))*log10(fc)-40.97;
end

% plot_PL_Hata.m
clear,clf
fc=1.5e9;
htx=30;
hrx=2;
distance=[1:2:3].^2;
y_urban=PL_Hata(fc,distance,htx,hrx,'urban');
y_suburban=PL_Hata(fc,distance,htx,hrx,'suburban');
y_open=PL_Hata(fc,distance,htx,hrx,'open');
semilogx(distance,y_urban,'k-s',distance,y_suburban,'k-o',distance,y_open,'k-^')
title(['Hata PL model,f_c=',num2str(fc/1e6),'MHz'])
xlabel('Distance[m]'),ylabel('Path loss[dB]')
legend('urban','suburban','open area','location','northwest')
grid on,axis([1 1000 40 110])

 

IEEE 802.16d 模型：

function PL=PL_IEEE80216d(fc,d,type,htx,hrx,corr_fact,mod)
% IEEE 802.16d 模型
% 输入：
%     fc        : 载波频率[Hz]
%     d         : 基站和移动台之间的距离[m]
%     type      : 可以选择'A','B'或'C'
%     htx       : 发射机高度[m]
%     hrx       : 接收机高度[m]
%     corr_fact : 如果存在阴影，那么设置为'ATnT'或'Okumura'。否则，设置为'NO'
%     mod       : 设置为'mod'来得到修正的IEEE802.16d模型
% 输出：
%     PL        : 路径损耗[dB]
Mod='UNMOD';
if nargin>6
    Mod=upper(mod);
end
if nargin==6&&corr_fact(1)=='m'
    Mod='MOD';
    corr_fact='NO';
elseif nargin<6
    corr_fact='NO';
    if nargin==5&&hrx(1)=='m'
        Mod='MOD';
        hrx=2;
    elseif nargin<5
        hrx=2;
        if nargin==4&&htx(1)=='m'
            Mod='MOD';
            htx=30;
        elseif nargin<4
            htx=30;
            if nargin==3&&type(1)=='m'
                Mod='MOD';
                type='A';
            elseif nargin<3
                type='A';
            end
        end
    end
end
d0=100;
Type=upper(type);
if Type~='A'&&Type~='B'&&Type~='C'
    disp('Error:The selected type is not supported');
    return;
end
switch upper(corr_fact)
    case 'ATNT'
        PLf=6*log10(fc/2e9);
        PLh=-10.8*log10(hrx/2);
    case 'OKUMURA'
        PLf=6*log10(fc/2e9);
        if hrx<=3
            PLh=-10*log10(hrx/3);
        else
            PLh=-20*log10(hrx/3);
        end
    case 'NO'
        PLf=0;
        PLh=0;
end
if Type=='A'
    a=4.6;
    b=0.0075;
    c=12.6;
elseif Type=='B'
    a=4;
    b=0.0065;
    c=17.1;
else
    a=3.6;
    b=0.005;
    c=20;
end
lamda=3e8/fc;
gamma=a-b*htx+c/htx;
d0_pr=d0;
if Mod(1)=='M'
    d0_pr=d0*10^-((PLf+PLh)/(10*gamma));
end
A=20*log10(4*pi*d0_pr/lamda)+PLf+PLh;
for k=1:length(d)
    if d(k)>d0_pr
        PL(k)=A+10*gamma*log10(d(k)/d0);
    else
        PL(k)=-10*log10((lamda/(4*pi*d(k)))^2);
    end
end

% plot_PL_IEEE80216d.m
clear,clf,clc
fc=2e9;
htx=[30 30];
hrx=[2 10];
distance=[1:1000];
for k=1:2
    y_IEEE16d(k,:)=PL_IEEE80216d(fc,distance,'A',htx(k),hrx(k),'atnt');
    y_MIEEE16d(k,:)=PL_IEEE80216d(fc,distance,'A',htx(k),hrx(k),'atnt','mod');
end
subplot(121)
semilogx(distance,y_IEEE16d(1,:),'k:','linewidth',1.5),hold on
semilogx(distance,y_IEEE16d(2,:),'k-','linewidth',1.5),grid on
title(['IEEE 802.16d Path loss Models,fc=',num2str(fc/1e6),'MHz'])
axis([1 1000 10 150])
xlabel('Distance[m]'),ylabel('Pathloss[dB]')
legend('h_{Tx}=30m,h_{Rx}=2m','h_{Tx}=30m,h_{Rx}=10m','location','northwest')
subplot(122)
semilogx(distance,y_MIEEE16d(1,:),'k-','linewidth',1.5),hold on
semilogx(distance,y_MIEEE16d(2,:),'k-','linewidth',1.5),grid on
title(['Modified IEEE 802.16d Path loss Models,fc=',num2str(fc/1e6),'MHz'])
axis([1 1000 10 150])
xlabel('Distance[m]'),ylabel('Pathloss[dB]')
legend('h_{Tx}=30m,h_{Rx}=2m','h_{Tx}=30m,h_{Rx}=10m','location','northwest')