mysql基础

mysql基础

1.主从介绍

MySQL主从又叫做Replication、AB复制。简单讲就是A和B两台机器做主从后，在A上写数据，另外一台B也会跟着写数据，两者数据实时同步的

1.1 主从的作用

• 实时灾备，用于故障切换
• 读写分离，提供查询服务
• 备份，避免影响业务

1.2主从的形式

1.一主一从
2. 主主复制
3. 一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
4. 多主一从—5.7开始支持
5. 联级复制

2.主从复制原理

主从复制过程：

主上面把所有的写操作记录到binlog日志生成logdump线程，从上面有两个线程，I/O线程和SQL线程，I/O线程去请求主上面的binlog日志，而主上面通过logdump线程发送binlog日志到到从服务器上，从服务器收到了请求的binlog日志之后，写到本地的relaylog日志（中继日志）上面，sql线程去读取relaylog日志，重放relaylog日志的内容，并解析成具体操作重新执行一遍，实现从上面的数据和主上面的数据完全一样。

3. 主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤：

• 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
• 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
• 配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
• 配置从数据库（修改配置文件）

需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作

环境说明：

数据库角色	IP	应用与系统版本	有无数据
主数据库	192.168.100.100	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	有数据
从数据库	192.168.100.96	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	无数据

mysql安装

# 关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@96 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@96 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@96 ~]# getenforce
Disabled

创建用户和组

[root@96 src]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[root@96 src]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql

下载二进制格式的mysql软件包

[root@96 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@96 src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

解压软件至/usr/local/

[root@96 src]# ls
debug kernels mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@96 src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@96 ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin games lib libexec sbin src
etc include lib64 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 share
[root@96 ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@96 local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’

修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组

[root@96 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql

添加环境变量

[root@96 ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql
bin COPYING docs include lib man README share support-files
[root@96 ~]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH’ > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@96 ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@96 ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

建立数据存放目录

[root@96 mysql]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@96 mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@96 mysql]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 Aug 14 16:54 data

初始化数据库

[root@96 ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2018-08-15T07:57:46.168380Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2018-08-15T07:57:50.542516Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2018-08-15T07:57:50.927286Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.071260Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: e8600890-a060-11e8-b1a2-000c294c50b4.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.074566Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table ‘mysql.gtid_executed’ cannot be opened.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.078089Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generatedfor root@localhost: hfGdwnViq6,

请注意，这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码，此处密码是hfGdwnViq6,

配置mysql

[root@96 ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql
‘/usr/local/include/mysql’ -> ‘/usr/local/mysql/include/’
[root@96 ~]# echo ‘/usr/local/mysql/lib’ > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[root@96 ~]# ldconfig -v

生成配置文件

[root@96 ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
EOF

配置服务启动脚本

[root@96 ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@96 ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(basedir=).#\1/usr/local/mysql#g’ /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@96 ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).#\1/opt/data#g’ /etc/init.d/mysqld

启动mysql

[root@96 ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL… SUCCESS!
[root@96 ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 :22 :
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 :
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::

修改密码

使用临时密码登录

[root@96 ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘hfGdwnViq6,’
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright © 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

设置新密码

mysql> set password = password(‘shicailun123!’);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye

使用新密码登录

[root@96 ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘shicailun123！’
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright © 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

# 查看主库有哪些库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| scl                |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

查看从库中有哪些库

mysql> show databases;
±-------------------+
| Database |
±-------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
±-------------------+

主库比从库多了一个scl库，查看主库中scl库有哪些表

mysql> use scl
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
±--------------+
| Tables_in_scl |
±--------------+
| student |
±--------------+

查看scl表中的内容

mysql> select * from student;
±—±----------±-----+
| id | name | age |
±—±----------±-----+
| 1 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 2 | lisi | 21 |
| 3 | wangwu | 22 |
| 4 | zhaoliu | 23 |
±—±----------±-----+

全备主库

全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致，加锁命令如下

mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>

此锁住的终端必须在另一终端备份完成后才能退出

备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库

[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pscl666 --all-databases > all-201908202014
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master ~]# ls
all-201908202014

[root@master ~]# scp all-201908202014 root@192.168.100.96:/root/

解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可

mysql> quit
Bye

在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看内容，确保跟主库一致

[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pscl666 < all-201908202014
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pscl666 -e ‘show databases;’
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
±-------------------+
| Database |
±-------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| scl |
| sys |
±-------------------+

[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pscl666 -e ‘select *from scl.student;’
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
±—±----------±-----+
| id | name | age |
±—±----------±-----+
| 1 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 2 | lisi | 21 |
| 3 | wangwu | 22 |
| 4 | zhaoliu | 23 |
±—±----------±-----+

可以看到目前内容跟主库完全一致

在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> create user 'repl'@'192.168.100.96' identified by 'repl666';
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.100.96';
mysql> flush privileges;

配置主数据库

# 编辑配置文件/etc/my.cnf   在[mysqld]这段后面加上如下内容
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
...
log-bin = mysql_bin   # 启用binlog日志
server-id = 1         # 数据库服务器唯一标识符，主库的server-id值必须比从库的小

重启mysql服务

[root@master ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL… SUCCESS!

查看主库的状态

mysql> show master status;
±-----------------±---------±-------------±-----------------±------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
±-----------------±---------±-------------±-----------------±------------------+
| mysql_bin.000004 | 154 | | | |
±-----------------±---------±-------------±-----------------±------------------+

配置从数据库

# 编辑配置文件/etc/my.cnf   在[mysqld]这段后面加上如下内容
[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
...
relay-log = mysql_relay_bin   # 启用relay（中继日志）日志
server-id = 2         # 数据库服务器唯一标识符，从库的server-id值必须比主库的大

重启从库的mysql服务

[root@slave ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL… SUCCESS!

配置并启动主从复制

[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pscl666
mysql> change master to
-> master_host=‘192.168.100.100’,
-> master_user=‘repl’,
-> master_password=‘repl666’,
-> master_log_file=‘mysql_bin.000004’,
-> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.08 sec)

mysql>

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

查看从服务器的状态

mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State:
Master_Host: 192.168.100.100
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000004
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: mysql_relay_bin.000001
Relay_Log_Pos: 4
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000004
Slave_IO_Running: yes # 此处必须为yes
Slave_SQL_Running: yes # 此处必须为yes

若配置没问题依然显示no请重启服务后重试

验证：
在主服务器的scl库的student表中插入数据：

mysql> select *from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | lisi      |   21 |
|  3 | wangwu    |   22 |
|  4 | zhaoliu   |   23 |
+----+-----------+------+

mysql> insert into student(name,age) values(‘chenxi’,30),(‘chengsong’,35);

mysql> select *from student;
±—±----------±-----+
| id | name | age |
±—±----------±-----+
| 1 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 2 | lisi | 21 |
| 3 | wangwu | 22 |
| 4 | zhaoliu | 23 |
| 5 | chenxi | 30 |
| 6 | chengsong | 35 |
±—±----------±-----+

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步：

mysql> select *from scl.student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | lisi      |   21 |
|  3 | wangwu    |   22 |
|  4 | zhaoliu   |   23 |
|  5 | chenxi    |   30 |
|  6 | chengsong |   35 |
+----+-----------+------+
# 此处跟主库完全一致说明同步成功