JPEG实验

目录

JPEG文件格式分析

Segment 的组织形式

Segment Marker

JPEG编码原理

 Level Offeset

DCT变换

量化

编码

熵编码（Huffman编码）

JPEG解码流程

实验步骤

代码分析

tinyjpeg-internal.h定义结构体、参数等

在write_yuv添加代码将输出文件保存为可供YUVViewer观看的YUV文件

tinyjpeg.h

以txt文件输出所有的量化矩阵及Huffman码表

解析JPEG文件头函数

解析SOF

解析SOS

之字形扫描

实验结果

---

JPEG文件格式分析

Segment 的组织形式

JPEG文件以segment的形式组织，其中每个segment以一个marker开始，而每个marker均以0xFF和一个marker的标识符开始，随后为2字节的marker长度（不包含marker的起始两字节）和对应的payload（SOI和EOI marker只有2字节的标识符）。

注意，连续的0xFF字节并不是marker的起始标志，而是用来填充的特殊字符。

此外，部分中，0xFF后若为0x00，则跳过此字节不予处理。

Segment Marker

 

JPEG编码原理

 Level Offeset

将输入图片做一个零偏置电平下移，将原数值从无符号数转换为有符号数，将值域往下做搬移，从而提高编码效率。对于n=8，即将0～255的值域，通过减去128转换为值域在-128～127之间的值。

DCT变换

 对每个单独的彩色图像分量，把整个分量图像分成8×8的图像块，并且这些图象块中的每一个都使用其自己的离散余弦变换单独编码，变换后各分量之间的相关性去除。
正交变换的实质可看作基底函数的分解，如下图所示。

量化

 量化就是用像素值÷量化表对应值所得的结果。量化表左上角的值较小，右上角的值较大，这样就起到了保持低频分量，抑制高频分量的目的。由于人眼对低频分量的敏感程度远高于高频分量，因此我们需要对低频分量细量化，对高频部分粗量化。通过量化可以达到通低频减高频的效果。

编码

编码信息分两类，一类是使用差分脉冲编码调制(DPCM)对直流系数(DC)进行编码。一类是使用行程长度编码(RLE)对交流系数(AC)进行编码。

    使用差分脉冲编码调制(DPCM)对直流系数(DC)进行编码：
    每个8 * 8格子F中的[0,0]位置上元素，代表8 * 8个子块的平均值，JPEG中对F[0,0]单独编码，由于两个相邻的8×8子块的DC系数相差很小，具有冗余。所以对它们采用差分编码DPCM，可以提高压缩比，也就是说对相邻的子块DC系数的差值进行编码。
    使用行程长度编码(RLE)对交流系数(AC)进行编码：
    另一类是8×8块的其它63个子块，即交流(AC)系数，采用行程编码（游程编码Run-length encode,RLE）。为了保证低频分量先出现，高频分量后出现，以增加行程中连续“0”的个数，这63个元素采用了“之”字型(zigzag scan)。的排列方法，如下图所示。

熵编码（Huffman编码）

为了进一步提高压缩比，需要对RLE编码结果再进行熵编码，我们选用Huffman编码根据使用频率来最大化节省字符（编码）的存储空间。
 

JPEG解码流程

1．读入文件的相关信息
2．初步了解图像数据流的结构
3．颜色分量单元的内部解码
4．直流系数的差分编码
5．反量化 & 反Zig-zag编码
6．反离散余弦变换

实验步骤

代码分析

tinyjpeg-internal.h定义结构体、参数等

struct huffman_table用来存储哈夫曼码表。

struct huffman_table
{
  /* Fast look up table, using HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS bits we can have directly the symbol,
   * if the symbol is <0, then we need to look into the tree table */
  short int lookup[HUFFMAN_HASH_SIZE];
  /* code size: give the number of bits of a symbol is encoded */
  unsigned char code_size[HUFFMAN_HASH_SIZE];
  /* some place to store value that is not encoded in the lookup table 
   * FIXME: Calculate if 256 value is enough to store all values
   */
  uint16_t slowtable[16-HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS][256];
};

struct component用来保存一个MCU（最小结构单元）的信息，每处理完一个MCU，值都会更新。储存当前8×8像块中有关解码的信息。

struct component 
{
  unsigned int Hfactor;
  unsigned int Vfactor;
  float *Q_table;		/* Pointer to the quantisation table to use */
  struct huffman_table *AC_table;
  struct huffman_table *DC_table;
  short int previous_DC;	/* Previous DC coefficient */
  short int DCT[64];		/* DCT coef */
#if SANITY_CHECK
  unsigned int cid;
#endif
};

struct jdec_privateJPEG数据流结构体，用于存储JPEG图像宽高、数据流指针、Huffman码表等内容，并包含struct huffman_table和struct component。

struct jdec_private
{
  /* Public variables */
  uint8_t *components[COMPONENTS];
  unsigned int width, height;	/* Size of the image */
  unsigned int flags;

  /* Private variables */
  const unsigned char *stream_begin, *stream_end;
  unsigned int stream_length;

  const unsigned char *stream;	/* Pointer to the current stream */
  unsigned int reservoir, nbits_in_reservoir;

  struct component component_infos[COMPONENTS];
  float Q_tables[COMPONENTS][64];		/* quantization tables */
  struct huffman_table HTDC[HUFFMAN_TABLES];	/* DC huffman tables   */
  struct huffman_table HTAC[HUFFMAN_TABLES];	/* AC huffman tables   */
  int default_huffman_table_initialized;
  int restart_interval;
  int restarts_to_go;				/* MCUs left in this restart interval */
  int last_rst_marker_seen;			/* Rst marker is incremented each time */

  /* Temp space used after the IDCT to store each components */
  uint8_t Y[64*4], Cr[64], Cb[64];

  jmp_buf jump_state;
  /* Internal Pointer use for colorspace conversion, do not modify it !!! */
  uint8_t *plane[COMPONENTS];

};

在write_yuv添加代码将输出文件保存为可供YUVViewer观看的YUV文件

/**
 * Load one jpeg image, and decompress it, and save the result.
 */
int convert_one_image(const char *infilename, const char *outfilename, int output_format)
{
  FILE *fp;
  unsigned int length_of_file;
  unsigned int width, height;
  unsigned char *buf;
  struct jdec_private *jdec;
  unsigned char *components[3];

  /* Load the Jpeg into memory */
  fp = fopen(infilename, "rb");
  if (fp == NULL)
    exitmessage("Cannot open filename\n");
  length_of_file = filesize(fp);
  buf = (unsigned char *)malloc(length_of_file + 4);
  if (buf == NULL)
    exitmessage("Not enough memory for loading file\n");
  fread(buf, length_of_file, 1, fp);
  fclose(fp);

  /* Decompress it */
  jdec = tinyjpeg_init();
  if (jdec == NULL)
    exitmessage("Not enough memory to alloc the structure need for decompressing\n");

  if (tinyjpeg_parse_header(jdec, buf, length_of_file)<0)
    exitmessage(tinyjpeg_get_errorstring(jdec));

  /* Get the size of the image */
  tinyjpeg_get_size(jdec, &width, &height);

  snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Decoding JPEG image...\n");
  if (tinyjpeg_decode(jdec, output_format) < 0)
    exitmessage(tinyjpeg_get_errorstring(jdec));

  /* 
   * Get address for each plane (not only max 3 planes is supported), and
   * depending of the output mode, only some components will be filled 
   * RGB: 1 plane, YUV420P: 3 planes, GREY: 1 plane
   */
  tinyjpeg_get_components(jdec, components);

  /* Save it */
  switch (output_format)
   {
    case TINYJPEG_FMT_RGB24:
    case TINYJPEG_FMT_BGR24:
      write_tga(outfilename, output_format, width, height, components);
      break;
    case TINYJPEG_FMT_YUV420P:
      write_yuv(outfilename, width, height, components);
      break;
    case TINYJPEG_FMT_GREY:
      write_pgm(outfilename, width, height, components);
      break;
   }

  /* Only called this if the buffers were allocated by tinyjpeg_decode() */
  tinyjpeg_free(jdec);
  /* else called just free(jdec); */

  free(buf);
  return 0;
}

tinyjpeg.h

TRACE设为1，表示程序正常调试运行;
TRACE设为0，关闭程序

#define  snprintf _snprintf
#define TRACE 1
#define  TRACEFILE "trace_jpeg.txt"

以txt文件输出所有的量化矩阵及Huffman码表

tinyjpeg.h

FILE* quanfile;//声明量化矩阵txt文件
FILE* hufffile;//声明Huffman码表txt文件

tinyjpeg.c

build_quantization_table()中建立并输出量化矩阵

static void build_quantization_table(float *qtable, const unsigned char *ref_table)
{
  /* Taken from libjpeg. Copyright Independent JPEG Group's LLM idct.
   * For float AA&N IDCT method, divisors are equal to quantization
   * coefficients scaled by scalefactor[row]*scalefactor[col], where
   *   scalefactor[0] = 1
   *   scalefactor[k] = cos(k*PI/16) * sqrt(2)    for k=1..7
   * We apply a further scale factor of 8.
   * What's actually stored is 1/divisor so that the inner loop can
   * use a multiplication rather than a division.
   */
  int i, j;
  static const double aanscalefactor[8] = {
     1.0, 1.387039845, 1.306562965, 1.175875602,
     1.0, 0.785694958, 0.541196100, 0.275899379
  };
  const unsigned char *zz = zigzag;
  //输出所有量化矩阵
  FILE *quanfile = fopen("D:\\大三下\\数据压缩\\实验5_JPEG解码量化矩阵.txt", "a");//打开量化矩阵文件
  for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
      for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
          fprintf(quanfile, "%d\t", ref_table[*zz]);//把量化矩阵输入到txt文件
          *qtable++ = ref_table[*zz++] * aanscalefactor[i] * aanscalefactor[j];
      }
      fprintf(quanfile, "\n");
  }
  
}

parse_DQT( )量化矩阵文件的更新写入

static int parse_DQT(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  int qi;
  float *table;
  const unsigned char *dqt_block_end;
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"> DQT marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  dqt_block_end = stream + be16_to_cpu(stream);
  stream += 2;	/* Skip length */

  while (stream < dqt_block_end)
   {
     qi = *stream++;
#if SANITY_CHECK
     if (qi>>4)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"16 bits quantization table is not supported\n");
     if (qi>4)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"No more 4 quantization table is supported (got %d)\n", qi);
#endif
     table = priv->Q_tables[qi];
     build_quantization_table(table, stream);
     stream += 64;
   }
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"< DQT marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  return 0;
}

build_huffman_table建立并输出HUFFMAN码表

static void build_huffman_table(const unsigned char *bits, const unsigned char *vals, struct huffman_table *table)
{
  unsigned int i, j, code, code_size, val, nbits;
  unsigned char huffsize[HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE+1], *hz;
  unsigned int huffcode[HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE+1], *hc;
  int next_free_entry;

  /*
   * Build a temp array 
   *   huffsize[X] => numbers of bits to write vals[X]
   */
  hz = huffsize;
  for (i=1; i<=16; i++)
   {
     for (j=1; j<=bits[i]; j++)
       *hz++ = i;
   }
  *hz = 0;

  memset(table->lookup, 0xff, sizeof(table->lookup));
  for (i=0; i<(16-HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS); i++)
    table->slowtable[i][0] = 0;

  /* Build a temp array
   *   huffcode[X] => code used to write vals[X]
   */
  code = 0;
  hc = huffcode;
  hz = huffsize;
  nbits = *hz;
  while (*hz)
   {
     while (*hz == nbits)
      {
	*hc++ = code++;
	hz++;
      }
     code <<= 1;
     nbits++;
   }

parse_DHT()码表的更新写入

static int parse_DHT(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  unsigned int count, i;
  unsigned char huff_bits[17];
  int length, index;

  length = be16_to_cpu(stream) - 2;
  stream += 2;	/* Skip length */
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"> DHT marker (length=%d)\n", length);
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif

  while (length>0) {
     index = *stream++;

     /* We need to calculate the number of bytes 'vals' will takes */
     huff_bits[0] = 0;
     count = 0;
     for (i=1; i<17; i++) {
	huff_bits[i] = *stream++;
	count += huff_bits[i];
     }
#if SANITY_CHECK
     if (count >= HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"No more than %d bytes is allowed to describe a huffman table", HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE);
     if ( (index &0xf) >= HUFFMAN_TABLES)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"No more than %d Huffman tables is supported (got %d)\n", HUFFMAN_TABLES, index&0xf);
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Huffman table %s[%d] length=%d\n", (index&0xf0)?"AC":"DC", index&0xf, count);
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
#endif

     if (index & 0xf0 )
       build_huffman_table(huff_bits, stream, &priv->HTAC[index&0xf]);
     else
       build_huffman_table(huff_bits, stream, &priv->HTDC[index&0xf]);

     length -= 1;
     length -= 16;
     length -= count;
     stream += count;
  }
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"< DHT marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  return 0;
}

解析JPEG文件头函数

PEG文件头函数定位了文件头标识符后的开始位置、长度、以及结束位置：

int tinyjpeg_parse_header(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *buf, unsigned int size)
{
  int ret;

  /* Identify the file */
  if ((buf[0] != 0xFF) || (buf[1] != SOI))
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Not a JPG file ?\n");

  priv->stream_begin = buf+2;
  priv->stream_length = size-2;
  priv->stream_end = priv->stream_begin + priv->stream_length;

  ret = parse_JFIF(priv, priv->stream_begin);

  return ret;
}

解析SOF

static int parse_SOF(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  int i, width, height, nr_components, cid, sampling_factor;
  int Q_table;
  struct component *c;
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"> SOF marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  print_SOF(stream);

  height = be16_to_cpu(stream+3);
  width  = be16_to_cpu(stream+5);
  nr_components = stream[7];
#if SANITY_CHECK
  if (stream[2] != 8)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Precision other than 8 is not supported\n");
  if (width>JPEG_MAX_WIDTH || height>JPEG_MAX_HEIGHT)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Width and Height (%dx%d) seems suspicious\n", width, height);
  if (nr_components != 3)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We only support YUV images\n");
  if (height%16)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Height need to be a multiple of 16 (current height is %d)\n", height);
  if (width%16)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Width need to be a multiple of 16 (current Width is %d)\n", width);
#endif
  stream += 8;
  for (i=0; i<nr_components; i++) {
     cid = *stream++;
     sampling_factor = *stream++;
     Q_table = *stream++;
     c = &priv->component_infos[i];
#if SANITY_CHECK
     c->cid = cid;
     if (Q_table >= COMPONENTS)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Bad Quantization table index (got %d, max allowed %d)\n", Q_table, COMPONENTS-1);
#endif
     c->Vfactor = sampling_factor&0xf;
     c->Hfactor = sampling_factor>>4;
     c->Q_table = priv->Q_tables[Q_table];
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Component:%d  factor:%dx%d  Quantization table:%d\n",
           cid, c->Hfactor, c->Hfactor, Q_table );
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif

  }
  priv->width = width;
  priv->height = height;
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"< SOF marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif

  return 0;
}

解析SOS

static int parse_SOS(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  unsigned int i, cid, table;
  unsigned int nr_components = stream[2];
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"> SOS marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif

#if SANITY_CHECK
  if (nr_components != 3)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We only support YCbCr image\n");
#endif

  stream += 3;
  for (i=0;i<nr_components;i++) {
     cid = *stream++;
     table = *stream++;
#if SANITY_CHECK
     if ((table&0xf)>=4)
	snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We do not support more than 2 AC Huffman table\n");
     if ((table>>4)>=4)
	snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We do not support more than 2 DC Huffman table\n");
     if (cid != priv->component_infos[i].cid)
        snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"SOS cid order (%d:%d) isn't compatible with the SOF marker (%d:%d)\n",
	      i, cid, i, priv->component_infos[i].cid);
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"ComponentId:%d  tableAC:%d tableDC:%d\n", cid, table&0xf, table>>4);
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
#endif
     priv->component_infos[i].AC_table = &priv->HTAC[table&0xf];
     priv->component_infos[i].DC_table = &priv->HTDC[table>>4];
  }
  priv->stream = stream+3;
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"< SOS marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  return 0;
}

之字形扫描

static const unsigned char zigzag[64] = 
{
   0,  1,  5,  6, 14, 15, 27, 28,
   2,  4,  7, 13, 16, 26, 29, 42,
   3,  8, 12, 17, 25, 30, 41, 43,
   9, 11, 18, 24, 31, 40, 44, 53,
  10, 19, 23, 32, 39, 45, 52, 54,
  20, 22, 33, 38, 46, 51, 55, 60,
  21, 34, 37, 47, 50, 56, 59, 61,
  35, 36, 48, 49, 57, 58, 62, 63
};

实验结果

 

 生成的量化矩阵

 

 生成的Huffman表

DC系数	第一个AC系数	第二个AC系数	第三个AC系数

 

DC和AC的概率分布图