float 和 position
一.浮动(float)
1.什么是浮动
float属性用于创建浮动框,将其移到一边,直到左边缘或右边缘触及包含块或另一个浮动框的边缘。
语法:
选择器 {float 属性值;}
属性值:
none 元素不浮动(默认值)
left 元素向左浮动
right 元素向右浮动
样例:
默认值(相当于标准流)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
div {
width: 70px;
height: 80px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: blue;
float: none;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: none;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box1"></div>
<div class="box2"></div>
</body>
</html>
left
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
div {
width: 70px;
height: 80px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: blue;
float: left;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: left;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box1"></div>
<div class="box2"></div>
</body>
</html>
right
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
div {
width: 70px;
height: 80px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: blue;
float: right;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: right;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box1"></div>
<div class="box2"></div>
</body>
</html>
2.浮动特性
- 浮动元素会脱离标准流
- 浮动的元素会一行内显示并且元素顶部对齐
- 浮动的元素会具有行内块元素的特性
浮动的盒子不再保留原先的位置(设置了浮动的盒子漂浮在普通流的上面,不占位置,脱标)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
div {
width: 70px;
height: 80px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: blue;
float: left;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: none;
height: 100px;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box1"></div>
<div class="box2"></div>
</body>
</html>
如果多个盒子都设置了浮动,则它们会按照属性值一行内显示并且顶端对齐排列(如果盒子宽度大于父盒子会重启一行继续排列)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
div {
width: 70px;
height: 80px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: blue;
float: left;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: left;
height: 100px;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box1"></div>
<div class="box2"></div>
</body>
</html>
浮动元素具有行内块元素的特性
例子:给span标签加入float,从而给行内元素设置宽高
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
.span1 {
background-color: pink;
float: left;
width: 70px;
height: 100px;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: left;
height: 100px;
width: 60px;
}
</style>
<body>
<span class="span1">1</span>
<span class="box2">2</span>
</body>
</html>
浮动元素经常搭配标准流父级搭配
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box0 {
margin: 200px auto;
width: 600px;
height: 400px;
background-color: pink;
}
.box1 {
background-color: rgb(137, 238, 154);
float: left;
width: 70px;
height: 100px;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: right;
height: 100px;
width: 60px;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box0">
<div class="box1">1</div>
<div class="box2">2</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
3.清除浮动
1.为什么要清除浮动
由于父级盒子很多的情况下,不方便给高度,但是盒子浮动又不占有位置,最后父级盒子高度为0时,就会影响下面的标准流盒子
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box0 {
border: 1px dotted black;
width: 600px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: rgb(137, 238, 154);
float: left;
width: 70px;
height: 100px;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: left;
height: 120px;
width: 60px;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box0">
<div class="box1">1</div>
<div class="box2">2</div>
</div>
<div style="width: 800px; height: 200px;background-color: pink;"></div>
</body>
</html>
2.清除浮动本质
清除浮动本质是清除浮动元素脱离标准流造成的影响
3.清除浮动策略
闭合浮动,只让浮动在父盒子内部影响不影响父盒子外边的元素
4.清除浮动方法
1.额外标签法也称隔墙法,是w3c推荐的用法
<!DOCTYPE html>//在最后一个子元素后面加入块级元素,块级元素中的类中加入clear:both;
<html lang="en">//优点是通俗易懂,书写方便;缺点是添加许多无意义的标签,结构化较差
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box0 {
border: 1px dotted black;
width: 600px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: rgb(137, 238, 154);
float: left;
width: 70px;
height: 100px;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: left;
height: 120px;
width: 60px;
}
.clear {
clear: both;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box0">
<div class="box1">1</div>
<div class="box2">2</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
</div>
<div style="width: 800px; height: 200px;background-color: pink;"></div>
</body>
</html>
2.父级添加overflow属性
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box0 {
/* 清除浮动 */
overflow: hidden;
border: 1px dotted black;
width: 600px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: rgb(137, 238, 154);
float: left;
width: 70px;
height: 100px;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: left;
height: 120px;
width: 60px;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box0">
<div class="box1">1</div>
<div class="box2">2</div>
</div>
<div style="width: 800px; height: 200px;background-color: pink;"></div>
</body>
</html>
3.父级添加after伪元素
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.clearfix:after {
content: "";
display: block;
height: 0;
clear: both;
visibility: hidden;
}
.clearfix {
/*IE6、7 专有*/
*zoom: 1;
}
.box0 {
border: 1px dotted black;
width: 600px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: rgb(137, 238, 154);
float: left;
width: 70px;
height: 100px;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: left;
height: 120px;
width: 60px;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box0 clearfix">
<div class="box1">1</div>
<div class="box2">2</div>
</div>
<div style="width: 800px; height: 200px;background-color: pink;"></div>
</body>
</html>
4.父级添加双伪元素
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.clearfix:before,
.clearfix:after {
content: "";
display: table;
}
.clearfix:after {
clear: both;
}
.clearfix {
/*IE6、7 专有*/
*zoom: 1;
}
.box0 {
border: 1px dotted black;
width: 600px;
}
.box1 {
background-color: rgb(137, 238, 154);
float: left;
width: 70px;
height: 100px;
}
.box2 {
background-color: red;
float: left;
height: 120px;
width: 60px;
}
</style>
<body>
<div class="box0 clearfix">
<div class="box1">1</div>
<div class="box2">2</div>
</div>
<div style="width: 800px; height: 200px;background-color: pink;"></div>
</body>
</html>
4.浮动和文字
浮动的盒子会压住下面标准流的盒子,但不会压住里面的文字
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>float and position</title>
</head>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box1 {
background-color: rgb(137, 238, 154);
float: left;
width: 30px;
height: 50px;
}
</style>
<body>
<di>
<div class="box1"></div>
<p>cbnduiskbvisdubviudsbvisckdfv</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
二.定位(position)
1.什么是定位
定位:将盒子定在某一个位置,所以定位也是在摆放盒子,按照定位的方式移动盒子
定位=定位模式+边偏移
定位模式用于指定一个元素在文档中的定位方式。边偏移决定了该元素的最终位置
2.定位模式
定位模式决定元素的定位方式,它通过CSS的position属性来设置,其值可以分为四个:static、relative、absolute、fixed
1.静态定位
静态定位是元素的默认定位方式,无定位的意思
语法:
选择器{ position:static; }
(1)静态定位按照标准流特性摆放位置,它没有边偏移
(2)静态定位在布局时很少用到
2.相对定位(relative)
相对定位 是元素在移动位置的时候,是相对于它原来的位置来说的
语法:
选择器 {position:relative; }
特点:
(1).移动位置的时候参照点是自己原来的位置
(2).不脱标,继续保留原来位置
实例:
(1)没有加相对定位
代码:
<!DOCTYPE html>//
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Position</title>
<style>
.box1 {
width: 200px;
height: 150px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
.box2 {
width: 200px;
height: 250px;
background-color: yellow;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box1">1</div>
<div class="box2">2</div>
</body>
</html>
效果:
(2)加相对定位
代码:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Position</title>
<style>
.box1 {
position: relative;
top: 200px;
left: 100px;
width: 200px;
height: 150px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
.box2 {
width: 200px;
height: 250px;
background-color: yellow;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box1">1</div>
<div class="box2">2</div>
</body>
</html>
效果:
3.绝对定位(absolute)
绝对定位 是元素在移动位置的时候,是相对于它祖先元素来说的
语法:
选择器 {position:absolute;}
特点:
(1).如果没有祖先元素或者祖先元素没有定位,则以浏览器为准定位
(2).如果父元素有定位(相对、绝对、固定定位),则以最近一级的有定位祖先元素为参考点移动位置
(3).绝对定位不再占有原来的位置(脱标)
子绝父相:
父元素添加相对定位固定位置,子元素添加绝对定位移动
实例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Position</title>
<style>
.box1 {
position: relative;
top: 200px;
left: 100px;
width: 600px;
height: 400px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
.box2 {
position: absolute;
top: 20px;
left: 40px;
width: 60px;
height: 50px;
background-color: yellow;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box1">
<div class="box2">2</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
效果:
4.固定定位(fixed)
固定定位 是元素固定于浏览器可视区的位置。主要使用场景:可以在浏览器页面滚动时元素的位置不会改变
语法:
选择器 {position:fixed;}
特点:
(1).以浏览器的可视窗口为参照点移动元素
*跟父元素没有任何关系
*不随滚动条滚动
<!DOCTYPE html>//代码示范
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Position</title>
<style>
.box1 {
position: fixed;
top: 200px;
right: 100px;
width: 20px;
height: 30px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示1范</p>
<p>示2范</p>
<p>示3范</p>
<p>示5范</p>
<p>示6范</p>
<p>示4范</p>
<p>示55范</p>
<p>示范8</p>
<p>示15范</p>
<p>示1范</p>
<p>示5范</p>
<p>示9范</p>
<p>示h范</p>
<p>示n范</p>
<p>示d范</p>
<p>示s范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示g范</p>
<p>示f范</p>
<p>示h范</p>
<p>示n范</p>
<p>示c范</p>
<p>示s范</p>
<p>示j范</p>
<p>示u范</p>
<p>示w范</p>
<p>示x范</p>
<p>示m范</p>
<p>示x范</p>
<p>示a范</p>
<p>示e范</p>
<p>示j范</p>
<p>示k范</p>
<p>示n范</p>
<p>示c范</p>
<p>示s范</p>
<p>示w范</p>
<p>示j范</p>
<p>示v范</p>
<p>示x范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示a范</p>
<p>示e范</p>
<p>示t范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示b范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示c范</p>
<p>示f范</p>
<p>示h范</p>
<p>示h范</p>
<p>示j范</p>
<p>示j范</p>
<p>示d范</p>
<p>示a范</p>
<p>示d范</p>
<p>示v范</p>
<p>示b范</p>
<p>示j范</p>
<p>示y范</p>
<p>示r范</p>
<p>示d范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<p>示范</p>
<div class="box1">
1
</div>
</body>
</html>
(2).固定定位不再占有原来的位置
5.粘性定位
粘性定位 可以被认为是相对定位和固定定位的混合
语法:
选择器 {position:sticky;top:50px;}
特点:
(1).以浏览器的可视窗口为参照点移动元素
(1).粘性定位占有原先的位置
(3).必须加top、left、right、bottom其中一个才有效
注:跟页面滚动搭配使用,兼容性较差,IE不支持
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Position</title>
<style>
body {
height: 3000px;
}
.box1 {
position: sticky;
top: 100px;
margin: 200px auto;
width: 600px;
height: 400px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box1">
实例
</div>
</body>
</html>
3.边偏移
边偏移就是定位的盒子移动到最终位置。有top、bottom、left和right四个属性
4.定位的叠放顺序
在使用定位布局时,可能会出现盒子重叠的情况。此时,可以使用z-index来控制盒子的前后次序
语法:
选择器{z-index:1;}
- 数值可以是正整数、负整数或0,默认是auto,数值越大,盒子越靠上
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Position</title>
<style>
.box1 {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
z-index: 1;
width: 150px;
height: 100px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
.box2 {
position: absolute;
top: 50px;
left: 70px;
z-index: 0;
width: 150px;
height: 100px;
background-color: palegreen;
}
.box3 {
position: absolute;
top: 80px;
left: 100px;
z-index: -1;
width: 150px;
height: 100px;
background-color: yellow;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box1">
</div>
<div class="box2"></div>
<div class="box3"></div>
</body>
</html>
- 如果属性值相同,则按照书写顺序,后来居上
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Position</title>
<style>
.box1 {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
z-index: 1;
width: 150px;
height: 100px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
.box2 {
position: absolute;
top: 50px;
left: 70px;
z-index: 1;
width: 150px;
height: 100px;
background-color: palegreen;
}
.box3 {
position: absolute;
top: 80px;
left: 100px;
z-index: 1;
width: 150px;
height: 100px;
background-color: yellow;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box1">
</div>
<div class="box2"></div>
<div class="box3"></div>
</body>
</html>
- 数字后面不能加单位
- 只有定位的盒子才有z-index属性
5.定位和文字
使用了绝对定位(固定定位)的盒子会完全压住盒子,包括文字
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>position</title>
</head>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box1 {
position: absolute;
left: 0;
background-color: rgb(137, 238, 154);
width: 30px;
height: 50px;
}
</style>
<body>
<di>
<div class="box1"></div>
<p>cbnduiskbvisdubviudsbvisckdfv</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
6.定位的拓展
声明:
部分图片来源黑马程序员pink老师(如有侵权,请联系删除)
链接:web网课