第7章 数据清洗和准备
7.1 处理缺失数据
7.1.1 查看缺失数据
# pandas使⽤浮点值NaN(Not a Number)表示缺失数据。我们称其为哨兵值,可以⽅便的检测出来
In [10]: string_data = pd.Series(['aardvark', 'artichoke', np.nan, 'avocado'])
In [11]: string_data
Out[11]:
0 aardvark
1 artichoke
2 NaN
3 avocado
dtype: object
In [12]: string_data.isnull()
Out[12]:
0 False
1 False
2 True
3 False
dtype: bool
# 在pandas中,我们采⽤了R语⾔中的惯⽤法,即将缺失值表示为NA,它表示不可⽤not available
# Python内置的None值在对象数组中也可以作为NA
In [13]: string_data[0] = None
In [14]: string_data.isnull()
Out[14]:
0 True
1 False
2 True
3 False
dtype: bool
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缺失数据处理的函数
函数 说明 dropna 根据各标签的值中是否存在缺失数据对轴标签进行过滤,可通过阈值调节对缺失值的容忍度 fillna 用指定值或插值方法(如ffill或bfill)填充缺失数据 isnull 返回一个含有布尔值的对象,这些布尔值表示哪些值是缺失值/NA,该对象的类型与源类型一样 notnull isnull的否定式
7.1.2 滤除缺失数据
# 对于⼀个Series,dropna返回⼀个仅含⾮空数据和索引值的Series
In [15]: from numpy import nan as NA
In [16]: data = pd.Series([1, NA, 3.5, NA, 7])
In [17]: data.dropna()
Out[17]:
0 1.0
2 3.5
4 7.0
dtype: float64
# 等价于:
In [18]: data[data.notnull()]
Out[18]:
0 1.0
2 3.5
4 7.0
dtype: float64
# 对于DataFrame对象,dropna默认丢弃任何含有缺失值的⾏
In [19]: data = pd.DataFrame([[1., 6.5, 3.], [1., NA, NA],
....: [NA, NA, NA], [NA, 6.5, 3.]])
In [20]: cleaned = data.dropna()
In [21]: data
Out[21]:
0 1 2
0 1.0 6.5 3.0
1 1.0 NaN NaN
2 NaN NaN NaN
3 NaN 6.5 3.0
In [22]: cleaned
Out[22]:
0 1 2
0 1.0 6.5 3.0
# 传⼊how='all'将只丢弃全为NA的那些⾏
In [23]: data.dropna(how='all')
Out[23]:
0 1 2
0 1.0 6.5 3.0
1 1.0 NaN NaN
3 NaN 6.5 3.0
# ⽤这种⽅式丢弃列,只需传⼊axis=1即可
In [24]: data[4] = NA
In [25]: data
Out[25]:
0 1 2 4
0 1.0 6.5 3.0 NaN
1 1.0 NaN NaN NaN
2 NaN NaN NaN NaN
3 NaN 6.5 3.0 NaN
In [26]: data.dropna(axis=1, how='all')
Out[26]:
0 1 2
0 1.0 6.5 3.0
1 1.0 NaN NaN
2 NaN NaN NaN
3 NaN 6.5 3.0
# 另⼀个滤除DataFrame⾏的问题涉及时间序列数据。假设你只想留下⼀部分观测数据,可以⽤thresh参数实现此⽬的
In [27]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(7, 3))
In [28]: df.iloc[:4, 1] = NA
In [29]: df.iloc[:2, 2] = NA
In [30]: df
Out[30]:
0 1 2
0 -0.204708 NaN NaN
1 -0.555730 NaN NaN
2 0.092908 NaN 0.769023
3 1.246435 NaN -1.296221
4 0.274992 0.228913 1.352917
5 0.886429 -2.001637 -0.371843
6 1.669025 -0.438570 -0.539741
In [31]: df.dropna()
Out[31]:
0 1 2
4 0.274992 0.228913 1.352917
5 0.886429 -2.001637 -0.371843
6 1.669025 -0.438570 -0.539741
In [32]: df.dropna(thresh=2)
Out[32]:
0 1 2
2 0.092908 NaN 0.769023
3 1.246435 NaN -1.296221
4 0.274992 0.228913 1.352917
5 0.886429 -2.001637 -0.371843
6 1.669025 -0.438570 -0.539741
7.1.3 填充缺失数据
# 通过⼀个常数调⽤fillna就会将缺失值替换为那个常数
In [33]: df.fillna(0)
Out[33]:
0 1 2
0 -0.204708 0.000000 0.000000
1 -0.555730 0.000000 0.000000
2 0.092908 0.000000 0.769023
3 1.246435 0.000000 -1.296221
4 0.274992 0.228913 1.352917
5 0.886429 -2.001637 -0.371843
6 1.669025 -0.438570 -0.539741
# 若是通过⼀个字典调⽤fillna,就可以实现对不同的列填充不同的值
In [34]: df.fillna({1: 0.5, 2: 0})
Out[34]:
0 1 2
0 -0.204708 0.500000 0.000000
1 -0.555730 0.500000 0.000000
2 0.092908 0.500000 0.769023
3 1.246435 0.500000 -1.296221
4 0.274992 0.228913 1.352917
5 0.886429 -2.001637 -0.371843
6 1.669025 -0.438570 -0.539741
# 对reindexing有效的那些插值⽅法也可⽤于fillna
In [37]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 3))
In [38]: df.iloc[2:, 1] = NA
In [39]: df.iloc[4:, 2] = NA
In [40]: df
Out[40]:
0 1 2
0 0.476985 3.248944 -1.021228
1 -0.577087 0.124121 0.302614
2 0.523772 NaN 1.343810
3 -0.713544 NaN -2.370232
4 -1.860761 NaN NaN
5 -1.265934 NaN NaN
In [41]: df.fillna(method='ffill')
Out[41]:
0 1 2
0 0.476985 3.248944 -1.021228
1 -0.577087 0.124121 0.302614
2 0.523772 0.124121 1.343810
3 -0.713544 0.124121 -2.370232
4 -1.860761 0.124121 -2.370232
5 -1.265934 0.124121 -2.370232
In [42]: df.fillna(method='ffill', limit=2)
Out[42]:
0 1 2
0 0.476985 3.248944 -1.021228
1 -0.577087 0.124121 0.302614
2 0.523772 0.124121 1.343810
3 -0.713544 0.124121 -2.370232
4 -1.860761 NaN -2.370232
5 -1.265934 NaN -2.370232
# 就可以利⽤fillna实现许多别的功能。⽐如说,可以传⼊Series的平均值或中位数
In [43]: data = pd.Series([1., NA, 3.5, NA, 7])
In [44]: data.fillna(data.mean())
Out[44]:
0 1.000000
1 3.833333
2 3.500000
3 3.833333
4 7.000000
dtype: float64
-
fillna函数的参数:
参数 说明 value 用于填充缺失值的标量值或字典对象 method 插值方式 axis 待填充的轴 inplace 修改调用者对象而不产生副本 limit 可以连续填充的最大数量