MySQL Day2

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-13 21:08:42 发布

丨陈墨瞳丨

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-13 21:08:42 发布

阅读量44

点赞数

文章标签： mysql 数据库

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_51944132/article/details/132701465

版权

MySQL

day2_2023.9.5

SQL查询语句

基本的条件查询

模糊查询

like 通配符： _ 或者 %

SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE ‘%S%’;

分页查询

limit关键字

-- limit分页   :limit  值1，值2     
--  值1表示从第几行开始返回数据 
--   值2表示每页显示几条数据

-- 已知 总条数  totalCount 20    、每页显示的数据条数   num  5   -- 总页数 totalPage  4
--  点击的页数 page
--  (page-1) * num

SELECT * FROM emp LIMIT 0,5;

排序

order by asc/desc ,默认是asc，从小到大， desc是从大到小
– 排序
SELECT * FROM emp ORDER BY sal DESC;

分组

group by 语句

– group by, 如果没有出现在group by后面的字段，也不能出现在select后面

– 求每个部门的人数、平均工资

SELECT deptno,COUNT(1),AVG(sal) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno;

– 分部门、分职业求他们的平均工资

SELECT deptno,job,AVG(sal) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno,job;

过滤分组

having 语句一般用来过滤 group by之后的结果

– 查询哪个部门的平均工资超过了 2000

SELECT deptno,AVG(sal) AS avg_sal FROM emp GROUP BY deptno HAVING avg_sal > 2000;

– 查询哪个部门的哪个岗位的平均工资低于1000

SELECT deptno,job,AVG(sal) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno,job HAVING AVG(sal) <1000;

– 查询哪个岗位的平均工资超过了4000

SELECT job,AVG(sal) FROM emp GROUP BY job HAVING AVG(sal) > 4000;

– having 主要用来过滤分组之后的数据，where是分组之前的条件过滤

– where 不可以使用聚合函数，having后面可以使用聚合函数
SELECT 5

FROM 1

WHERE 2

GROUP BY 3

HAVING 4

ORDER BY 6

多表查询

子查询

-- 子查询
	-- from型    将子查询作为新表
	-- where型   将子查询结果作为条件
	-- exists型  判断子查询结果是否成立

-- where型
-- 使用子查询，查询员工中，工资最高的员工所在部门。
-- 先查询最高工资，再查询所在部分
SELECT MAX(sal) FROM emp;

SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal = (SELECT MAX(sal) FROM emp);

-- 单行子查询  子查询的结果是单行结果，将来使用单行比较运算符完成运算
-- 多行子查询	子查询的结果是多行结果，可以用in操作符



-- 通过子查询，查询所有选修刘阳老师任意课程的学生信息，(如果学生这门课有成绩，表示选修了)

-- 1，查询老师的编号
SELECT tno FROM teacher WHERE tname = '刘阳';

-- 2，通过老师编号，查到教的课程编号
SELECT cno FROM course WHERE tno = 
	(SELECT tno FROM teacher WHERE tname = '刘阳')

-- 3，所有课程编号中，有成绩的学生的学号
SELECT sno FROM sc WHERE cno IN
		(SELECT cno FROM course WHERE tno = 
				(SELECT tno FROM teacher WHERE tname = '刘阳'))
				AND score IS NOT NULL;

-- 4，通过学号查到学生信息
SELECT * FROM student WHERE sno IN
	(SELECT sno FROM sc WHERE cno IN
		(SELECT cno FROM course WHERE tno = 
				(SELECT tno FROM teacher WHERE tname = '刘阳'))
				AND score IS NOT NULL)

-- any   all
-- 查询任意一门课，超过了70分的学生的信息  
SELECT DISTINCT sno FROM sc WHERE score > 70;

SELECT * FROM student WHERE sno IN (SELECT DISTINCT sno FROM sc WHERE score > 70);

-- 找出比李四任意一门成绩高的其他学生的学号

SELECT sno FROM student WHERE sname = '李四';

SELECT score FROM sc WHERE sno = 
	(SELECT sno FROM student WHERE sname = '李四');

-- 找比李四成绩高的
SELECT DISTINCT sno FROM sc WHERE  score > ANY
	(SELECT score FROM sc WHERE sno = 
		(SELECT sno FROM student WHERE sname = '李四'))
	AND sno != (SELECT sno FROM student WHERE sname = '李四')
	
-- 找到比李四所有成绩都低的学生信息
/*
SELECT * FROM sc WHERE  score < all
	(SELECT score FROM sc WHERE sno = 
		(SELECT sno FROM student WHERE sname = '李四'))
	AND sno != (SELECT sno FROM student WHERE sname = '李四')
	*/
	
-- s001（85，75，60）< all（80，70） -- 不适用与比较对象有多个值的情况

-- s001(85) ,s002(65)   <all (80,70)   -- 适用于比较的对象只有一个值的情况

-- 找到比所有女生年龄都大的学生的信息
SELECT sage FROM student WHERE ssex = '女';

SELECT * FROM student WHERE sage > ALL
	(SELECT sage FROM student WHERE ssex = '女')

连接查询

内连接

– inner join on

– 交叉连接 cross join on

– 逗号 ,

外连接

– 左外连接left join

– 右外连接right join

– 全外连接 full join(mysql中不支持)

内连接和外连接的区别？

内连接查询是将多张表做笛卡尔积，根据条件将不符合条件的记录过滤掉，留下符合条件的

外连接查询的时候，需要指定一个基准表，基准表的数据会全部展示，不足的地方以null展示

左外连接以左边的表作为基准表，左边的表都显示

右外连接以右边的表作为基准表，右边的表全部显示

自连接

-- 使用内连接查询，返回每个学生学号、姓名、课程号、分数
SELECT s1.sno,sname,cno,score FROM student s1 INNER JOIN 
				sc s2 ON s1.sno = s2.sno

SELECT s1.sno,sname,cno,score FROM student s1 CROSS JOIN 
				sc s2 ON s1.sno = s2.sno
				
SELECT s1.sno,sname,cno,score FROM student s1,sc s2 
				WHERE s1.sno = s2.sno				
				

-- 使用外连接查询，返回每个学生学号、姓名、课程号、分数
SELECT s1.sno,sname,cno,score FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN 
				sc s2 ON s1.sno = s2.sno
SELECT s1.sno,sname,cno,score FROM student s1 RIGHT JOIN 
				sc s2 ON s1.sno = s2.sno
				

-- 查询所有课程成绩高于80的同学的学号、姓名；
SELECT s1.sno,sname FROM student s1 INNER JOIN sc s2
			ON s1.sno = s2.sno
			GROUP BY sno,sname
			HAVING MIN(score) > 80;


-- 查询课程编号“c002”的成绩比课程编号“c001”课程低的所有同学的学号、姓名；
SELECT s3.sno,s3.`sname` FROM sc s1,sc s2,student s3 WHERE 
			s1.`cno` = 'c002' 
			AND s2.`cno` = 'c001'
			AND s1.`sno` = s2.`sno`
			AND s1.`score` > s2.`score`
			AND s1.`sno` = s3.`sno`



-- 查询平均成绩大于75 的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩
SELECT * FROM (
	SELECT s1.`sno` ,s1.sname, AVG(score) AS avg_score
			FROM student s1 ,sc s2
			WHERE s1.`sno` = s2.`sno`
			GROUP BY s1.`sno`,s1.sname) t
			WHERE avg_score > 75;

-- 查询课程名称为“J2SE”，且分数低于80 的学生姓名和分数

SELECT s1.`sname`,c1.`cname`,s2.`score` FROM student s1 
			INNER JOIN sc s2 ON s1.`sno` = s2.`sno`
			INNER JOIN course c1 ON s2.`cno` = c1.`cno`
			AND c1.`cname` = 'J2SE' AND s2.`score` < 80;

-- 查询选修“谌燕”老师所授课程的学生中，成绩最高的学生姓名及其成绩
 -- 查询老师的tno
 SELECT tno FROM teacher WHERE tname = '谌燕';
 SELECT cno FROM course WHERE tno = 
	( SELECT tno FROM teacher WHERE tname = '谌燕')
	
SELECT MAX(score) FROM sc WHERE cno IN
	( SELECT cno FROM course WHERE tno = 
		( SELECT tno FROM teacher WHERE tname = '谌燕'))

-- 将最高分和 课程编号带入查询，查询到信息		
SELECT sname,score FROM student s1,sc s2
	WHERE s1.sno = s2.sno
	AND score = (SELECT MAX(score) FROM sc WHERE cno IN
			( SELECT cno FROM course WHERE tno = 
				( SELECT tno FROM teacher WHERE tname = '谌燕')))
	AND s2.cno IN ( SELECT cno FROM course WHERE tno = 
			( SELECT tno FROM teacher WHERE tname = '谌燕'));


-- 查询课程编号为c001 且课程成绩在80 分以上的学生的学号和姓名
	SELECT s1.sno,sname FROM student s1 INNER JOIN sc s2
				ON s1.sno = s2.`sno` 
				AND s2.`cno` = 'c001'
				AND s2.`score` > 80;

-- 查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名
	SELECT s1.sno,sname FROM
			student s1 INNER JOIN sc s2
			ON s1.sno = s2.`sno`
			GROUP BY s1.sno 
			HAVING COUNT(1) =1;

-- 查询学过“c001”并且也学过编号“c002”课程的同学的学号、姓名

SELECT s1.sno,s1.`sname` FROM student s1 INNER JOIN sc s2 ON s1.sno = s2.`sno`
			INNER JOIN sc s3 ON s2.`sno` = s3.`sno`
			AND s2.`cno` = 'c001' AND s3.`cno` = 'c002'
			AND s2.`score` IS NOT NULL
			AND s3.`score` IS NOT NULL

-- 数据库事务
 -- 事务一般就是指DML操作
 -- 事务特性
	-- 原子性 、一致性、隔离性 、 持久性

 MySQL中手动开启事务  ：start transaction;
	
	-- 隔离级别 
	-- 事务并发 ： 引起 
			-- 脏读 ：读取到别的事务未提交的数据 (绝对不允许)
			-- 虚读  ：读到别的事务提交后修改的数据(允许发生)
			-- 幻读 ：读到数据的时候，两次读取的数据行数不一样(允许发生)
	-- 隔离级别 解决上面的问题
	--  Read Uncommited  RU  读未提交     
	--  Read Commited    RC  读已提交    Oracle
	--  Repeatable Read  RR  可重复读    MySQL
	--  Serializable         可串行化

	-- RU  出现以上三个问题
	-- RC  解决 脏读 
	-- RR  解决 虚读 (加锁可以解决幻读)
	-- Serializable 解决三个

-- 查询当前的隔离级别 
	SELECT  @@global.tx_isolation;  -- RR
	SELECT  @@session.tx_isolation; -- RR
	SELECT  @@tx_isolation;
-- 修改隔离级别 
	SET [SESSION|GLOBAL] TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL {
			READ UNCOMMITTED |
			READ COMMITTED  |
			REPEATABLE READ  |
			SERIALIZABLE  |
	}


SELECT * FROM test;


SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED;

SELECT  @@session.tx_isolation;