36. 有效的数独，37. 解数独，38. 外观数列，每题做详细思路梳理，配套Python&Java双语代码， 2024.03.16 可通过leetcode所有测试用例。
目录
36. 有效的数独
请你判断一个
9 x 9的数独是否有效。只需要 根据以下规则 ，验证已经填入的数字是否有效即可。
- 数字
1-9在每一行只能出现一次。- 数字
1-9在每一列只能出现一次。- 数字
1-9在每一个以粗实线分隔的3x3宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）注意：
- 一个有效的数独（部分已被填充）不一定是可解的。
- 只需要根据以上规则，验证已经填入的数字是否有效即可。
- 空白格用
'.'表示。示例 1：
输入：board = [["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."] ,["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."] ,[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."] ,["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"] ,["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"] ,["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"] ,[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."] ,[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"] ,[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]] 输出：true示例 2：
输入：board = [["8","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."] ,["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."] ,[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."] ,["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"] ,["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"] ,["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"] ,[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."] ,[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"] ,[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]] 输出：false 解释：除了第一行的第一个数字从 5 改为 8 以外，空格内其他数字均与 示例1 相同。 但由于位于左上角的 3x3 宫内有两个 8 存在, 因此这个数独是无效的。提示：
board.length == 9board[i].length == 9board[i][j]是一位数字（1-9）或者'.'
解题思路
- 遍历数独的每一个格子。
- 对于每个非空格子，检查它所在的行、列以及宫内是否有重复的数字。
- 为了方便检查，可以使用三个二维数组分别记录每行、每列和每个宫格中数字的出现情况。例如，
rows[i][num]表示数字num+1在第i行是否已出现，cols[j][num]表示数字num+1在第j列是否已出现，boxes[boxIndex][num]表示数字num+1在第boxIndex个宫内是否已出现。boxIndex可以通过(i / 3) * 3 + j / 3计算得到，其中i和j分别是格子的行列索引。
完整代码
Java
public class Solution {
public boolean isValidSudoku(char[][] board) {
boolean[][] rows = new boolean[9][9];
boolean[][] cols = new boolean[9][9];
boolean[][] boxes = new boolean[9][9];
for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) {
if (board[i][j] != '.') {
int num = board[i][j] - '1'; // 将字符转换为数字，并减1以适应数组索引
int boxIndex = (i / 3) * 3 + j / 3;
if (rows[i][num] || cols[j][num] || boxes[boxIndex][num]) {
return false; // 如果在对应的行、列或宫内发现重复，则返回 false
}
rows[i][num] = true;
cols[j][num] = true;
boxes[boxIndex][num] = true;
}
}
}
return true; // 没有发现重复，返回 true
}
}
Python
class Solution:
def isValidSudoku(self, board: List[List[str]]) -> bool:
rows = [[False] * 9 for _ in range(9)]
cols = [[False] * 9 for _ in range(9)]
boxes = [[False] * 9 for _ in range(9)]
for i in range(9):
for j in range(9):
if board[i][j] != '.':
num = int(board[i][j]) - 1 # 将字符转换为数字，并减1以适应数组索引
boxIndex = (i // 3) * 3 + j // 3
if rows[i][num] or cols[j][num] or boxes[boxIndex][num]:
return False # 如果在对应的行、列或宫内发现重复，则返回 False
rows[i][num] = True
cols[j][num] = True
boxes[boxIndex][num] = True
return True # 没有发现重复，返回 True37. 解数独
编写一个程序，通过填充空格来解决数独问题。
数独的解法需 遵循如下规则：
- 数字
1-9在每一行只能出现一次。- 数字
1-9在每一列只能出现一次。- 数字
1-9在每一个以粗实线分隔的3x3宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用
'.'表示。示例 1：
输入：board = [["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]] 输出：[["5","3","4","6","7","8","9","1","2"],["6","7","2","1","9","5","3","4","8"],["1","9","8","3","4","2","5","6","7"],["8","5","9","7","6","1","4","2","3"],["4","2","6","8","5","3","7","9","1"],["7","1","3","9","2","4","8","5","6"],["9","6","1","5","3","7","2","8","4"],["2","8","7","4","1","9","6","3","5"],["3","4","5","2","8","6","1","7","9"]] 解释：输入的数独如上图所示，唯一有效的解决方案如下所示：
提示：
board.length == 9board[i].length == 9board[i][j]是一位数字或者'.'- 题目数据 保证 输入数独仅有一个解
解题思路
解决数独问题通常采用回溯法，这是一种深度优先搜索的算法，适用于解决决策问题。基本思路是尝试填充数独中的每个空格，每次填充时遵循数独的规则，如果在某个位置无法填入有效数字，则回溯到上一个空格，尝试另一个数字。重复这一过程，直到数独被成功填充。
算法步骤如下：
- 从数独的第一个格子开始，按照某种顺序（通常是从左到右，从上到下）遍历每个格子。
- 对于每个空格，尝试填入数字 1 到 9，每尝试一个数字前，检查行、列和所在的 3x3 宫格内是否已经存在该数字。
- 如果一个数字能够被安全地填入（即不违反数独规则），则填入并递归地尝试填写下一个空格。
- 如果当前空格无论填入何种数字都无法使数独有效，或者所有空格都已成功填写，算法结束。在前一种情况下，需要撤销最后的填写并回溯到上一个空格；在后一种情况下，找到了数独的解。
完整代码
Java
public class Solution {
public void solveSudoku(char[][] board) {
solve(board);
}
private boolean solve(char[][] board) {
for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) {
if (board[i][j] == '.') {
for (char c = '1'; c <= '9'; c++) {
if (isValid(board, i, j, c)) {
board[i][j] = c;
if (solve(board)) {
return true;
} else {
board[i][j] = '.'; // 回溯
}
}
}
return false; // 无解，回溯
}
}
}
return true; // 找到解
}
private boolean isValid(char[][] board, int row, int col, char c) {
for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
if (board[i][col] == c) return false; // 检查列
if (board[row][i] == c) return false; // 检查行
if (board[3 * (row / 3) + i / 3][3 * (col / 3) + i % 3] == c) return false; // 检查 3x3 宫
}
return true;
}
}
Python
class Solution:
def solveSudoku(self, board: List[List[str]]) -> None:
def solve():
for i in range(9):
for j in range(9):
if board[i][j] == '.':
for c in '123456789':
if isValid(i, j, c):
board[i][j] = c
if solve():
return True
else:
board[i][j] = '.' # 回溯
return False # 无解，回溯
return True # 找到解
def isValid(i, j, c):
for k in range(9):
if board[i][k] == c or board[k][j] == c:
return False # 检查行和列
if board[3 * (i // 3) + k // 3][3 * (j // 3) + k % 3] == c:
return False # 检查 3x3 宫
return True
solve()
38. 外观数列
给定一个正整数
n，输出外观数列的第n项。「外观数列」是一个整数序列，从数字 1 开始，序列中的每一项都是对前一项的描述。
你可以将其视作是由递归公式定义的数字字符串序列：
countAndSay(1) = "1"countAndSay(n)是对countAndSay(n-1)的描述，然后转换成另一个数字字符串。前五项如下：
1. 1 2. 11 3. 21 4. 1211 5. 111221 第一项是数字 1 描述前一项，这个数是1即 “ 一 个 1 ”，记作"11"描述前一项，这个数是11即 “ 二 个 1 ” ，记作"21"描述前一项，这个数是21即 “ 一 个 2 + 一 个 1 ” ，记作 "1211"描述前一项，这个数是1211即 “ 一 个 1 + 一 个 2 + 二 个 1 ” ，记作 "111221"要 描述 一个数字字符串，首先要将字符串分割为 最小 数量的组，每个组都由连续的最多 相同字符 组成。然后对于每个组，先描述字符的数量，然后描述字符，形成一个描述组。要将描述转换为数字字符串，先将每组中的字符数量用数字替换，再将所有描述组连接起来。
例如，数字字符串
"3322251"的描述如下图：
示例 1：
输入：n = 1 输出："1" 解释：这是一个基本样例。示例 2：
输入：n = 4 输出："1211" 解释： countAndSay(1) = "1" countAndSay(2) = 读 "1" = 一 个 1 = "11" countAndSay(3) = 读 "11" = 二 个 1 = "21" countAndSay(4) = 读 "21" = 一 个 2 + 一 个 1 = "12" + "11" = "1211"
解题思路
要生成外观数列的第 n 项，我们可以从第 1 项开始，逐步构建直到第 n 项。对于每一项，我们都按照以下步骤来构建：
- 查看前一项的数字字符串。
- 从左到右扫描字符串，对连续的相同数字进行分组。
- 对每个分组，先记录数字的数量（即分组的长度），然后记录数字本身。
- 将上述所有分组的描述连在一起，形成新的数字字符串。
- 重复上述步骤直到达到第
n项。
完整代码
Java
public class Solution {
public String countAndSay(int n) {
String s = "1";
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
char c = s.charAt(0);
int count = 1;
for (int j = 1; j < s.length(); j++) {
if (s.charAt(j) == c) {
count++; // 相同字符，计数增加
} else {
sb.append(count).append(c); // 不同字符，记录前一个字符的计数和字符
c = s.charAt(j);
count = 1; // 重置计数
}
}
sb.append(count).append(c); // 记录最后一个字符的计数和字符
s = sb.toString();
}
return s;
}
}
Python
class Solution:
def countAndSay(self, n: int) -> str:
s = "1"
for _ in range(n - 1):
i, new_s = 0, ""
while i < len(s):
count = 1
while i + 1 < len(s) and s[i] == s[i + 1]:
i += 1
count += 1
new_s += str(count) + s[i]
i += 1
s = new_s
return s
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