运算符重载及组合与继承

目录

一、运算符重载

1.1普通运算符重载

1.2特殊运算符重载

二、标准输入输出流

三、组合与继承

3.1组合

3.2继承

1) public继承方式

2) protected继承方式

3) private继承方式

小作业:模仿c++的string类,自己实现string类


一、运算符重载

百度百科-验证

1.1普通运算符重载

//C++准许以运算符命名函数!!!
string  a = “hello”;
a += “ world”;// +(a, “world”);

cout<<“hello”;  //  <<(cout, “hello”);

可重载的运算符

 

不可重载的运算符

 

下面用一个例子来展示重载的妙处:

 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
}

 

如果我想向下面这样 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    t.addtimer(3);

    Timer t1;
    t1.addtimer(5);

    Timer t2;
    t2 = t + t1;
    t2.show();

#if 0
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
#endif
}

 

 结果就是报错,但是他提醒我们可以重载

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
    Timer operator+(Timer &x)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = sec + x.sec;
        tem.min = min + x.min;
        tem.hour = hour + x.hour;
        return tem;
    }
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    t.addtimer(3);

    Timer t1;
    t1.addtimer(5);

    Timer t2;
    t2 = t + t1;
    t2.show();

#if 0
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
#endif
}

 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
    Timer operator+(Timer &x)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = sec + x.sec;
        tem.min = min + x.min;
        tem.hour = hour + x.hour;
        return tem;
    }
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    t.addtimer(3);

    Timer t1;
    t1.addtimer(5);

    Timer t2;
    t2 = t + t1;
    t2.show();
    t2 = t2 + 5;
    t2.show();

#if 0
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
#endif
}

 

 这次又不行了,那就再重载一次。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
    Timer operator+(int sec)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = this->sec + sec;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator+(Timer &x)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = sec + x.sec;
        tem.min = min + x.min;
        tem.hour = hour + x.hour;
        return tem;
    }
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    t.addtimer(3);

    Timer t1;
    t1.addtimer(5);

    Timer t2;
    t2 = t + t1;
    t2.show();
    t2 = t2 + 5;
    t2.show();

#if 0
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
#endif
}

 剩下的就都一样了,加减乘除对应换就行了

 

前++和后++不一样 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
    Timer operator+(int sec)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = this->sec + sec;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator+(Timer &x)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = sec + x.sec;
        tem.min = min + x.min;
        tem.hour = hour + x.hour;
        return tem;
    }

    Timer operator++(int)
    {
        Timer tem = *this;
        sec++;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator++()
    {
        sec++;
        return *this;
    }
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    t.addtimer(3);

    Timer t1;
    t1.addtimer(5);

    Timer t2;
    t2 = t + t1;
    t2.show();

    t2 = t2 + 5;
    t2.show();

    Timer t3 = t2++;
    t3.show();
    ++t3;
    t3.show();
#if 0
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
#endif
}

 

 C++要求我们最好使用前++

因为后++需要先存一次,如果内容太大会很慢。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
    Timer operator+(int sec)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = this->sec + sec;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator+(Timer &x)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = sec + x.sec;
        tem.min = min + x.min;
        tem.hour = hour + x.hour;
        return tem;
    }

    Timer operator++(int)
    {
        Timer tem = *this;
        sec++;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator++()
    {
        sec++;
        return *this;
    }
    bool operator==(Timer &x)
    {
        if(sec == x.sec && min == x.min && hour == x.hour)
            return true;
        return false;
    }
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    t.addtimer(3);

    Timer t1;
    t1.addtimer(5);

    Timer t2;
    t2 = t + t1;
    t2.show();

    t2 = t2 + 5;
    t2.show();

    Timer t3 = t2++;
    t3.show();
    ++t3;
    t3.show();

    if(t2 == t3)
        printf("OK..time out!\n");
#if 0
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
#endif
}

 

1.2特殊运算符重载

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
    Timer operator+(int sec)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = this->sec + sec;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator+(Timer &x)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = sec + x.sec;
        tem.min = min + x.min;
        tem.hour = hour + x.hour;
        return tem;
    }

    Timer operator++(int)
    {
        Timer tem = *this;
        sec++;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator++()
    {
        sec++;
        return *this;
    }
    bool operator==(Timer &x)
    {
        if(sec == x.sec && min == x.min && hour == x.hour)
            return true;
        return false;
    }
    int operator[](int i)
    {
        switch(i)
        {
            case 0:
                return hour;
            case 1:
                return min;
            case 2:
                return sec;
        }
    }
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    t.addtimer(3);

    Timer t1;
    t1.addtimer(5);

    Timer t2;
    t2 = t + t1;
    t2.show();

    t2 = t2 + 5;
    t2.show();

    Timer t3 = t2++;
    t3.show();
    ++t3;
    t3.show();

    if(t2 == t3)
        printf("OK..time out!\n");
    printf("hour: %d\n", t2[0]);
    printf("min : %d\n", t2[1]);
    printf("sec : %d\n", t2[2]);

#if 0
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
#endif
}

 如果返回的是对象就失去了左值的权利,(可以修改的值放到左边,所以左值就是修改值)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
    Timer operator+(int sec)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = this->sec + sec;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator+(Timer &x)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = sec + x.sec;
        tem.min = min + x.min;
        tem.hour = hour + x.hour;
        return tem;
    }

    Timer operator++(int)
    {
        Timer tem = *this;
        sec++;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator++()
    {
        sec++;
        return *this;
    }
    bool operator==(Timer &x)
    {
        if(sec == x.sec && min == x.min && hour == x.hour)
            return true;
        return false;
    }
    int &operator[](int i)
    {
        switch(i)
        {
            case 0:
                return hour;
            case 1:
                return min;
            case 2:
                return sec;
        }
    }
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    t.addtimer(3);

    Timer t1;
    t1.addtimer(5);

    Timer t2;
    t2 = t + t1;
    t2.show();

    t2 = t2 + 5;
    t2.show();

    Timer t3 = t2++;
    t3.show();
    ++t3;
    t3.show();

    if(t2 == t3)
        printf("OK..time out!\n");
    printf("hour: %d\n", t2[0]);
    printf("min : %d\n", t2[1]);
    printf("sec : %d\n", t2[2]);
    t2[1] = 30;
    printf("hour: %d\n", t2[0]);
	printf("min : %d\n", t2[1]);
	printf("sec : %d\n", t2[2]);
#if 0
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
#endif
}

 接下来我们看看拷贝中运算符重载的妙用

 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

class A{
public:
	A()
	{
		printf("A()\n");
		p = new char[10];
		strcpy(p, "hello");


		printf("p: %s\n", p);
		printf("p: %s\n", this->p);
	}

	A(const A &x)
	{
		printf("A(const A &x)\n");
		p = new char[10];
		strcpy(p, x.p);	
	}

	~A()
	{
		printf("~A()\n");
		delete [] p;
	}
#if 0
	A &     operator=(A &x)
	{
		printf("operator=\n");
		p = new char[10];
		strcpy(p, x.p);	
		return *this;
	}
#endif
private:
	char *p;
};

int main()
{
	A x;

	A y = x;


	y = x;
}

去掉注释部分

先学点快捷方式     3yy复制三行

接下来是()这里我们引出仿函数

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
//    std::cout<<"hello"<<std::endl;
    cout<<"hello"<<endl;
}

 

 

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Converter{
public:
	Converter(double rate)
	{
		this->rate = rate;
	}

	double operator()(double rmb)
	{
		return rmb*rate;
	}
private:
	double rate;
};


double RMBto(double rmb, double rate)
{
	return rmb*rate;
}

int main()
{
//	std::cout << "hello"<<std::endl;
//	cout << "hello"<<endl;

	Converter RMBtoUS(6.4);
	cout << RMBtoUS(10) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoUS(10) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoUS(10) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoUS(10) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoUS(10) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoUS(10) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoUS(10) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoUS(10) << endl;

	Converter RMBtoE(8.4);
	cout << RMBtoE(100) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoE(100) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoE(100) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoE(100) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoE(100) << endl;
	cout << RMBtoE(100) << endl;
#if 0
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 6.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
	cout << RMBto(10, 8.4) << endl;
#endif
}

 百度百科-验证

接下来是对输出运算符的重载

比如直接输出一个对象

 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
class Timer{
public:
    Timer()
    {
        hour = 0;
        min = 0;
        sec = 0;
    }
    ~Timer()
    {
        
    }
    void addtimer(int sec = 1)
    {
        this->min += (this->sec+sec)/60;
        this->sec = (this->sec + sec) % 60;
    }

    void show()
    {
        printf("%2d:%2d:%2d\n", hour, min, sec);
    }
    Timer operator+(int sec)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = this->sec + sec;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator+(Timer &x)
    {
        Timer tem;
        tem.sec = sec + x.sec;
        tem.min = min + x.min;
        tem.hour = hour + x.hour;
        return tem;
    }

    Timer operator++(int)
    {
        Timer tem = *this;
        sec++;
        return tem;
    }
    Timer operator++()
    {
        sec++;
        return *this;
    }
    bool operator==(Timer &x)
    {
        if(sec == x.sec && min == x.min && hour == x.hour)
            return true;
        return false;
    }
    int &operator[](int i)
    {
        switch(i)
        {
            case 0:
                return hour;
            case 1:
                return min;
            case 2:
                return sec;
        }
    }
    friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Timer &t);
private:
    int hour;
    int min;
    int sec;
};

ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Timer &t)
{
    out << "hour:" << t.hour << "min:" <<t.min<<"sec:" <<t.sec<<endl;
}

int main()
{
    Timer t;
    t.addtimer(3);

    Timer t1;
    t1.addtimer(5);

    Timer t2;
    t2 = t + t1;
    t2.show();

    t2 = t2 + 5;
    t2.show();

    Timer t3 = t2++;
    t3.show();
    ++t3;
    t3.show();

    if(t2 == t3)
    printf("OK..time out!\n");
    printf("hour: %d\n", t2[0]);
    printf("min : %d\n", t2[1]);
    printf("sec : %d\n", t2[2]);
    t2[1] = 30;
    printf("hour: %d\n", t2[0]);
	printf("min : %d\n", t2[1]);
	printf("sec : %d\n", t2[2]);

    cout<<t2;
#if 0
    while(1)
    {
        t.addtimer(1);
        t.show();
        sleep(1);
    }
#endif
}

二、标准输入输出流

 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    //printf("input:");fflush(stdout);
    cout<<"input:";

    char buf[100];
    //gets(buf);
    cin >> buf;

    //printf("%s\n", buf);
    cout << buf <<endl;
}

它会自动识别,不像C那样%d %s %C 什么的

 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    //printf("input:");fflush(stdout);
    cout<<"input:";

    char buf[100];
    //gets(buf);
    cin >> buf;

    //printf("%s\n", buf);
    cout << buf <<endl;

    cout<<10<<endl;
    cout <<hex<<10<<endl;

}

 

 

控制符

作 用

dec

设置数值的基数为10

hex

设置数值的基数为16

oct

设置数值的基数为8

setfill(c)

设置填充字符c,c可以是字符常量或字符变量

setprecision(n)

设置浮点数的精度为n位。在以一般十进制小数形式输出时,n代表有效数字。在以fixed(固定小数位数)形式和 scientific(指数)形式输出时,n为小数位数

setw(n)

设置字段宽度为n位

setiosflags( ios::fixed)

设置浮点数以固定的小数位数显示

setiosftags( ios::scientific)

设置浮点数以科学记数法(即指数形式)显示

setiosflags( ios::left)

输出数据左对齐

setiosflags( ios::right)

输出数据右对齐

setiosflags( ios::skipws)

忽略前导的空格

setiosflags( ios::uppercase)

数据以十六进制形式输出时字母以大写表示

setiosflags( ios::lowercase)

数据以十六进制形式输出时宇母以小写表示

setiosflags(ios::showpos)

输出正数时给出“+”号


需要注意的是: 如果使用了控制符,在程序单位的开头除了要加iostream头文件外,还要加iomanip头文件。

 

流成员函数

与之作用相同的控制符

作用

precision(n)

setprecision(n)

设置实数的精度为n

width(n)

setw(n)

设置字段宽度为n

fill(c)

setfill(c)

设置填充宇符c

setf()

setiosflags()

设置输出格式状态,括号中应给出格式状态,内容与控制符setiosflags括号中的内容相同,如表13.5所示

unsetf()

resetioflags()

终止已设置的输出格式状态,在括号中应指定内容

 

格式标志

作用

ios::left

输出数据在本域宽范围内向左对齐

ios::right

输出数据在本域宽范围内向右对齐

ios::internal

数值的符号位在域宽内左对齐,数值右对齐,中间由填充字符填充

ios::dec

设置整数的基数为10

ios::oct

设置整数的基数为8

ios::hex

设置整数的基数为16

ios::showbase

强制输出整数的基数(八进制数以0打头,十六进制数以0x打头)

ios::showpoint

强制输出浮点数的小点和尾数0

ios::uppercase

在以科学记数法格式E和以十六进制输出字母时以大写表示

ios::showpos

对正数显示“+”

ios::scientific

浮点数以科学记数法格式输出

ios::fixed

浮点数以定点格式(小数形式)输出

ios::unitbuf

每次输出之后刷新所有的流

ios::stdio

每次输出之后清除stdout, stderr

 

三、组合与继承

 

 

 

3.1组合

一个类的功能都是依据另一个类的对象实现的,就是组合。 

3.2继承

 

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class A{
public:
    A(){ }
    ~A(){ }
    void showx()
    {
        cout<<"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"<<endl;
    }
};

class AX:public A{
public:
    void showy()
    {
        cout << "yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy"<<endl;
    }

};

int main()
{
    A a;
    a.showx();

    AX b;
    b.showx();
    b.showy();
}

然后再回到我们想写的学生管理系统,我们想要再加一个求平均值的功能,那么前面那种组合的方式就不能满足了。

#include "arr.h"
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class ARRX:public ARR{
public:
	int ever(void)
	{
		int i = 0;
		int sum = 0;
		for(;i<tail; i++)
			sum += data[i]; 
		return sum/tail;
	}
};

class Stuma{
public:
	Stuma(){

	}
	~Stuma() { }
	
	void savescore(int score)
	{
		scorearr.addtail(score);
	}
	
	int everscore(void)
	{
		return scorearr.ever();
	}

	void showscore(void)
	{
		scorearr.show();
	}

private:
	//ARR scorearr;
	ARRX scorearr;
};

int main()
{
	Stuma mmm;

	mmm.savescore(23);
	mmm.savescore(44);
	mmm.savescore(55);
	mmm.savescore(23);

	mmm.showscore();
	cout << mmm.everscore() <<endl;
}

 

1) public继承方式

  • 基类中所有public成员在派生类中为public属性;
  • 基类中所有protected成员在派生类中为protected属性;
  • 基类中所有private成员在派生类中不可访问。


2) protected继承方式

  • 基类中的所有public成员在派生类中为protected属性;
  • 基类中的所有protected成员在派生类中为protected属性;
  • 基类中的所有private成员在派生类中仍然不可访问。


3) private继承方式

  • 基类中的所有public成员在派生类中均为private属性;
  • 基类中的所有protected成员在派生类中均为private属性;
  • 基类中的所有private成员在派生类中均不可访问。

小作业:模仿c++的string类,自己实现string类

百度百科-验证

        能够准确无误地编写出String类的构造函数拷贝构造函数赋值函数和析构函数的面试者至少已经具备了C++基本功的60%以上!在这个类中包括了指针成员变量m_data,当类中包括指针类成员变量时,一定要重载其拷贝构造函数、赋值函数和析构函数,这既是对C++程序员的基本要求,也是《Effective C++》中特别强调的条款。仔细学习这个类,特别注意加注释的得分点和加分点的意义,这样就具备了60%以上的C++基本功!

我暂时不需要会这么多,就按会60%的标准写这四个,看了两个大佬写的比较全,连接放这,需要的自己去看看:

模拟实现C++中的string类(详细解析)_二肥是只大懒蓝猫的博客-CSDN博客

C++ string类模拟实现_全貌的博客-CSDN博客_模仿c++的string类,自己实现string类

#include <stddef.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>

//using namespace std;

class String{
public:
    String()
    {
        _str = new char[1];
        _size = 0;
        _capacity = 0;
        _str[0] = '\0';
    }

    String(char* str)
    {
        _size = strlen(str);
        _capacity = _size;
        _str = new char[_capacity + 1];
        strcpy(_str, str);
    }
    ~String()
    {
        delete[] _str;
        _size = 0;
        _capacity = 0;
    }
    void swap(String& tmp)
//这是自己定义的交换函数,第一个参数是隐含的this指针,交换两个类的成员变量
	{
		std::swap(_str, tmp._str);//加::操作符表示调用的是全局的swap函数
		//_str和tmp._str都是指针,交换指向的空间的地址
		std::swap(_size, tmp._size);
		std::swap(_capacity, tmp._capacity);
	}
    
	//拷贝构造的传统写法
	String(String& s)
    {
		_str = new char[s._capacity + 1];
		_capacity = s._capacity;
		_size = s._size;
		strcpy(_str, s._str);
	}

    String& operator=(String& s)
    //使用传值传参,调用拷贝构造创建临时类s接收需要赋值的string类
	{
        if (this != &s)
        {
            String tmp(s);
		    swap(s);//交换它们
        }
		return *this;//返回this指向的类
	}//结束时临时类s销毁,自动调用析构函数
private:
    char* _str;
    size_t _size;           //long long unsigned int
    size_t _capacity;
};
int main()
{
    
}
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