Chain of Responsibility Pattern 职责链模式
简述
- 职责链模式又叫责任链模式,为请求创建一个接收者对象的链(简单示意图)。这种模式对请求的发送者和接收者进行解耦。
- 职责链模式通常每个接收者都包含对另一个接收者的引用。如果一个对象不能处理该请求,那么它会把相同的请求传给下一个接收者,以此类推。
- 这种类型的设计模式属于行为型模式。
角色
- Handler:抽象的处理者,定义了一个处理请求的接口,同时包含另一个Handler
- ConcreteHandlerA、B:是具体的处理者,处理他自己负责的请求,可以访问它的后继者(即下一个处理者),如果可以处理当前请求,则处理,否则就将该请求交给后继者去处理,从而形成一个职责链。
- Request:含有很多属性,表示一个请求。
例子
采购审批项目:有一个抽象类Approver,有一个自己的参数,和processRequest方法,有DepartmentApprover、CollageApprover、ViceSchoolMsterApprover、SchoolMasterApprover类继承它。有个请求类PurchaseRequest。
PurchaseRequest类:
public class PurchaseRequest {
private int type=0;
private float price=0.0f;
private int id=0;
public PurchaseRequest(int type, float price, int id) {
this.type = type;
this.price = price;
this.id = id;
}
public int getType() {
return type;
}
public float getPrice() {
return price;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
}
Approver抽象类和DepartmentApprover、CollageApprover、ViceSchoolMsterApprover、SchoolMasterApprover类:
public abstract class Approver {
Approver approver;//下一个处理者
String name;
public Approver(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void setApprover(Approver approver) {
this.approver = approver;
}
//处理审批的方法
public abstract void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest);
}
public class DepartmentApprover extends Approver{
public DepartmentApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if (purchaseRequest.getPrice()<=5000){
System.out.println("请求编号id="+purchaseRequest.getId()+" 被"+name+"处理!");
}else approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
public class CollageApprover extends Approver{
public CollageApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if (purchaseRequest.getPrice()>5000&&purchaseRequest.getPrice()<=10000){
System.out.println("请求编号id="+purchaseRequest.getId()+" 被"+name+"处理!");
}else approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
public class ViceSchoolMasterApprover extends Approver{
public ViceSchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if (purchaseRequest.getPrice()>10000&&purchaseRequest.getPrice()<=30000){
System.out.println("请求编号id="+purchaseRequest.getId()+" 被"+name+"处理!");
}else approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
public class SchoolMasterApprover extends Approver{
public SchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if (purchaseRequest.getPrice()>30000){
System.out.println("请求编号id="+purchaseRequest.getId()+" 被"+name+"处理!");
}else approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
Client主方法:
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest=new PurchaseRequest(1,31000,1);
DepartmentApprover departmentApprover = new DepartmentApprover("系主任!");
CollageApprover collageApprover = new CollageApprover("院长!");
ViceSchoolMasterApprover viceSchoolMasterApprover = new ViceSchoolMasterApprover("副校长!");
SchoolMasterApprover schoolMasterApprover = new SchoolMasterApprover("校长!");
//形成环状,就可以无论从哪开始都可以
departmentApprover.setApprover(collageApprover);
collageApprover.setApprover(viceSchoolMasterApprover);
viceSchoolMasterApprover.setApprover(schoolMasterApprover);
schoolMasterApprover.setApprover(departmentApprover);
schoolMasterApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
注意事项
- 将请求和处理分开,实现解耦,提高系统的灵活性
- 简化了对象,是对象不需要知道链的结构
- 性能会受到影响,特别是在链比较长的时候,因此需控制链中最大节点数量,一般通过在Handler中设置一个最大的节点数量,在setNext()方法中判断是否已经超过阈值,超过则不允许链创立,避免出现超长链无意识地破坏系统性能。
- 调试不方便,采用了类似递归的方式,调试时逻辑可能比较复杂
- 最佳应用场景:有多个对象同时处理同一个请求时,比如:多级请求、请假、加薪等审批流程、JAVA Web中Tomcat对Encoding的处理,拦截器。