设计模式——观察者模式
天气预报项目需求,具体要求如下:
-
气象站可以将每天测量到的温度,湿度,气压等等以公告的形式发布出去(比如发布到自己的网站或第三方)。
-
需要设计开放型API,便于其他第三方也能接入气象站获取数据。
-
提供温度、气压和湿度的接口
-
测量数据更新时,要能实时的通知给第三方
传统方案:
//接入方
public class CurrentConditions {
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("***Today mTemperature: " + temperature + "***");
System.out.println("***Today mPressure: " + pressure + "***");
System.out.println("***Today mHumidity: " + humidity + "***");
}
}
public class WeatherData {
private float temperatrue;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
private CurrentConditions currentConditions;//聚合接入者
public WeatherData(CurrentConditions currentConditions) {
this.currentConditions = currentConditions;
}
public float getTemperature() {
return temperatrue;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
//天气变化,更新给接入方;
public void dataChange() {
currentConditions.update(getTemperature(), getPressure(), getHumidity());
}
//修改 更新 WeatherData 自己的 信息
public void setData(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperatrue = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
dataChange();
}
}
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建接入方
CurrentConditions currentConditions = new CurrentConditions();
//创建weatherData 并将 接入方传入;
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData(currentConditions);
//更新天气情况
weatherData.setData(30, 150, 40);
//***Today mTemperature: 30.0***
//***Today mPressure: 150.0***
//***Today mHumidity: 40.0***
}
}
观察者模式原理
- 观察者模式类似订牛奶业务
-
奶站/气象局:Subject
-
用户/第三方网站:Observer
- Subject:登记注册、移除和通知
-
registerObserver 注册
-
removeObserver 移除
-
notifyObservers() 通知所有的注册的用户,根据不同需求,可以是更新数据,让用户来取,也可能是实施推送,看具体需求定
- Observer:接收输入
观察者模式:对象之间多对一依赖的一种设计方案,被依赖的对象为Subject,依赖的对象为Observer,Subject通知Observer变化,比如这里的奶站是Subject**,是1的一方。用户时Observer,是多的一方。
代码:
//观察者接口; 有观察者实现
public interface Obs {
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity);
}
//具体的观察者 实现
public class CurrentConditions implements Obs{
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
@Override
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("***Today mTemperature: " + temperature + "***");
System.out.println("***Today mPressure: " + pressure + "***");
System.out.println("***Today mHumidity: " + humidity + "***");
}
}
//接口,让weatherdata实现
public interface Subject {
void registerO(Obs o);
void removeO(Obs o);
void notifyO();
}
//含有
public class WeatherData implements Subject{
private float temperatrue;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
//观察者的集合
private ArrayList<Obs> observers;
public WeatherData(ArrayList<Obs> observers) {
this.observers = observers;
}
public float getTemperature() {
return temperatrue;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
//修改 更新 WeatherData 自己的 信息
public void setData(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperatrue = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
}
@Override
public void registerO(Obs o) {
observers.add(o);
}
@Override
public void removeO(Obs o) {
observers.remove(o);
}
@Override
public void notifyO() {
//遍历集合,向观察者们 更新;
for (int i = 0; i < observers.size(); i++) {
observers.get(i).update(temperatrue,pressure,humidity);
}
}
}
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建 watherdata
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData(new ArrayList<>());
//创建观察者
CurrentConditions currentConditions = new CurrentConditions();
//观察者注册
weatherData.registerO(currentConditions);
weatherData.setData(2.0f,3.3f, 5.0f);
weatherData.notifyO();
//***Today mTemperature: 2.0***
//***Today mPressure: 3.3***
//***Today mHumidity: 5.0***
}
}
扩展:
增加观察者实现;
public class Baidu implements Obs{
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
@Override
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("***BAIDU:Today mTemperature: " + temperature + "***");
System.out.println("***BAIDU:TToday mPressure: " + pressure + "***");
System.out.println("***BAIDU:TToday mHumidity: " + humidity + "***");
}
}
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建 watherdata
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData(new ArrayList<>());
//创建观察者
CurrentConditions currentConditions = new CurrentConditions();
//观察者注册
weatherData.registerO(currentConditions);
// weatherData.setData(2.0f,3.3f, 5.0f);
// weatherData.notifyO();
//***Today mTemperature: 2.0***
//***Today mPressure: 3.3***
//***Today mHumidity: 5.0***
Baidu baidu = new Baidu();
weatherData.registerO(baidu);
weatherData.setData(2.0f,3.3f, 5.0f);
weatherData.notifyO();
//***BAIDU:Today mTemperature: 2.0***
//***BAIDU:TToday mPressure: 3.3***
//***BAIDU:TToday mHumidity: 5.0***
}
}
观察者模式的好处
-
观察者模式设计后,会以集合的方式来管理用户(Observer),包括注册,移除和通知。
-
这样,我们增加观察者(这里可以理解成一个新的公告板),就不需要去修改核心类WeatherData不会修改代码,遵守了ocp原则。