交换机基本原理与配置

一.mac地址格式

数据链路层作用 建立 维护 拆除

帧传输同步

差错恢复

流量控制

mac地址用来识别一个以太网上的某个单独或者一组设备

1.mac地址的地址长度

48bit，表现为16进制

前24bit为厂家的编码

后24位为某批次的网卡

2.mac地址的第8个bit

如果为0，表示单播mac地址

为1表示组播mac地址

3.发送数据的3种方法

单播–一对一通信

组播–一对部分感兴趣设备

广播–一对所有设备–系统的广告

4.Ethernet封装格式

二.交换机转发原理

1.转发过程

初始状态

mac地址学习

广播未知数据帧

接收方回应

交换机实现单播通信

文字描述：第一次通信时，交换机处于初始状态，mac地址表的表项为空

当PC1想与PC2进行通信时，PC1会发送一个数据帧，内容：源mac地址11-11-11 目的mac地址22-22-22

当数据帧经过交换机，交换机会拆开数据帧，分析源目的mac地址，自动将源mac地址和接口号写入表项中，

然后去表项种查找，从几号接口去往目的mac地址，发现表中没有直接广播（除了发送接口）只有目的mac地址

的设备会回包，其余接口的设备会丢弃，回复方PC2也会发送一个数据帧，内容：源mac地址22-22-22 目的mac地址11-11-11 。该数据帧经过交换机，交换机会将源mac地址和接口号写入mac地址表自动学习

然后会去mac地址表查找去往目的地址的接口号，发现表项中有，并且是一号接口直接发出给PC1

由于交换机中mac地址表中有了PC1，PC2的相关信息，所以下次PC1 PC2通信直接单播

2.交换机功能

自动学习：自动学习数据帧的源mac地址

转发：根据mac地址表转发数据

查询（泛洪）：如果找不到转发的路径，广播

刷新：300s。定期刷新（删除）表项，节约硬件资源。

3.华为交换机命令

华为交换机的三种视图：
<>用户视图
[]系统视图
[-Ethernet0/0/1]接口视图
[-vlan10]vlan视图

<>display version //查看版本号 dis ver

<Huawei>display version   //查看版本号
Huawei Versatile Routing Platform Software
VRP (R) software, Version 5.130 (AR2200 V200R003C00)
Copyright (C) 2011-2012 HUAWEI TECH CO., LTD
Huawei AR2220 Router uptime is 0 week, 0 day, 0 hour, 0 minute
BKP 0 version information: 
1. PCB      Version  : AR01BAK2A VER.NC
2. If Supporting PoE : No
3. Board    Type     : AR2220
4. MPU Slot Quantity : 1
5. LPU Slot Quantity : 6

MPU 0(Master) : uptime is 0 week, 0 day, 0 hour, 0 minute
MPU version information : 
1. PCB      Version  : AR01SRU2A VER.A
2. MAB      Version  : 0
3. Board    Type     : AR2220
4. BootROM  Version  : 0

<>system-view 或 <>sys //进入系统视图

[]sysname r1 或 []sys r1 //更改设备名，区分2个简写的sys代表的意思不同

[]display bridge mac-address //显示交换机mac地址

<Huawei>system-view   //进入系统视图
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname r1   //更改设备名
[r1]display bridge mac-address   // 显示交换机mac地址
System bridge MAC address: 00e0-fca9-0fca

<>dis int Ethernet x/x/x 或GigabitEthernet x/x/x //查看接口详细信息，包括状态、mac地址等

<r1>dis int GigabitEthernet 0/0/0     //查看接口详细信息，包括状态、mac地址等
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 current state : UP
Line protocol current state : DOWN
Description:HUAWEI, AR Series, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 Interface
Route Port,The Maximum Transmit Unit is 1500
Internet protocol processing : disabled
IP Sending Frames' Format is PKTFMT_ETHNT_2, Hardware address is 00e0-fca9-0fca
Last physical up time   : 2023-07-05 18:55:11 UTC-08:00
Last physical down time : 2023-07-05 18:55:07 UTC-08:00
Current system time: 2023-07-05 19:03:05-08:00
Port Mode: FORCE COPPER
Speed : 1000,  Loopback: NONE
Duplex: FULL,  Negotiation: ENABLE
Mdi   : AUTO
Last 300 seconds input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
Last 300 seconds output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
Input peak rate 0 bits/sec,Record time: -
Output peak rate 0 bits/sec,Record time: -

Input:  0 packets, 0 bytes
  Unicast:                  0,  Multicast:                   0
  Broadcast:                0,  Jumbo:                       0
  Discard:                  0,  Total Error:                 0

  CRC:                      0,  Giants:                      0
  ---- More ----当命令太多一页翻不完时出现more，可按空格和回车键继续看，不看了就ctrl+c

[]int e x/x/x 或g x/x/x //切换接口
[]display this //显示接口当前配置

[r1]int g 0/0/0     //切换接口
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]display this     //显示接口当前配置
[V200R003C00]
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
#
return

<>save //保存设置

<r1>save     //保存设置
  The current configuration will be written to the device. 
  Are you sure to continue? (y/n)[n]:y
   It will take several minutes to save configuration file, please wait.......
  Configuration file had been saved successfully
  Note: The configuration file will take effect after being activated

[]clear configuration interface e或g x/x/x //清除接口的配置，需指定接口

[r1]clear configuration interface g0/0/0      //清除接口的配置，需指定接口
Warning: All configurations of the interface will be cleared, and its state will
 be shutdown. Continue? [Y/N] :

<>reset saved-configuration——清除已保存的配置
<>reboot——重启（未保存的当前配置会消失）

？：命令帮助/命令提示
TAB键：命令补全

直接在接口模式下切换到其他接口不用退出当前视图

<>dis mac-address //查看mac地址表

<r1>dis mac-address 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAC Address       VLAN/Bridge             Learned-From               Type      
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total items displayed = 0 

<r1>

<>undo terminal monitor //关闭监视功能 u t m

<r1>undo terminal monitor        //关闭监视功能
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.

[]undo info-center enable //禁止弹出接口信息

[r1]undo info-center enable      //禁止弹出接口信息
Info: Information center is disabled.

想取消命令或者激活接口都可以使用undo

[] display history-command //历史命令查询

[r1]display history-command       //历史命令查询
  sys
  ys
[r1]																									

[]display saved-configuration //查看设备保存的信息

[r1]display saved-configuration        //查看设备保存的信息
[V200R003C00]
#
 sysname r1
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
aaa 
 authentication-scheme default
 authorization-scheme default
 accounting-scheme default
 domain default 
 domain default_admin 
 local-user admin password cipher %$%$K8m.Nt84DZ}e#<0`8bmE3Uw}%$%$
 local-user admin service-type http
#
  ---- More ----

[ ]display current-configuration //查看设备当前配置的信息

[r1]display current-configuration         //查看设备当前配置的信息
[V200R003C00]
#
 sysname r1
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load flash:/portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 wlan ac-global carrier id other ac id 0
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
aaa 
 authentication-scheme default
 authorization-scheme default
 accounting-scheme default
 domain default 
 domain default_admin 
 local-user admin password cipher %$%$K8m.Nt84DZ}e#<0`8bmE3Uw}%$%$
  ---- More ----

<>save //保存配置

<>reset saved-configuration //擦除存储设备中的配置文件(初始化)

<r1>reset saved-configuration        //擦除存储设备中的配置文件(初始化)
This will delete the configuration in the flash memory.

The device configuratio
ns will be erased to reconfigure.

Are you sure? (y/n)[n]:

<>compare configuration //比较当前配置信息与存储设备中的保存文件是否一致

<r1>compare configuration    //比较当前配置信息与存储设备中的保存文件是否一致
 The current configuration is not the same as the next startup configuration fil
e.
 ====== Current configuration line 9 ======
portal local-server load flash:/portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 wlan ac-global carrier id other ac id 0
#
 ====== Configuration file line 9 ======
portal local-server load portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
aaa 
 authentication-scheme default

<r1>

<>display saved-configuration // 可以查看交换机下次启动时的配置文件信息

<r1>display saved-configuration       // 可以查看交换机下次启动时的配置文件信息
[V200R003C00]
#
 sysname r1
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
aaa 
 authentication-scheme default
 authorization-scheme default
 accounting-scheme default
 domain default 
 domain default_admin 
 local-user admin password cipher %$%$K8m.Nt84DZ}e#<0`8bmE3Uw}%$%$
 local-user admin service-type http
#
  ---- More ----

<>display current-configuration //交换机运行过程中正在生效的配置称为当前配置

<r1>display current-configuration       //交换机运行过程中正在生效的配置称为当前配置
[V200R003C00]
#
 sysname r1
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load flash:/portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 wlan ac-global carrier id other ac id 0
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
aaa 
 authentication-scheme default
 authorization-scheme default
 accounting-scheme default
 domain default 
 domain default_admin 
 local-user admin password cipher %$%$K8m.Nt84DZ}e#<0`8bmE3Uw}%$%$
  ---- More ----

<>display startup ///交换机上电时，从默认存储路径中读取配置文件进行交换机的初始化操作，因此该配置文件中的配置称为初始配置

<r1>display startup     
MainBoard: 
  Startup system software:                   null
  Next startup system software:              null
  Backup system software for next startup:   null
  Startup saved-configuration file:          flash:/vrpcfg.zip
  Next startup saved-configuration file:     flash:/vrpcfg.zip
  Startup license file:                      null
  Next startup license file:                 null
  Startup patch package:                     null
  Next startup patch package:                null
  Startup voice-files:                       null
  Next startup voice-files:                  null