自动化测试——selenium（完结篇)

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一、元素操作方法

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-yacas">方法：
1、.send_keys()  # 输入方法
2、.click()  # 点击方法
3、.clear()  # 清空方法
</code></span></span>

注意：在输入方法之前一定要清空操作!!

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#708090"># 导包</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

<span style="color:#708090"># 实例化浏览器</span>
driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 打开网址</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.baidu.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 需求</span>
ele <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_css_selector<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'#kw'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'易烊千玺'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 清空</span>
ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>clear<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'王嘉尔'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 时间轴看效果</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 关闭页面</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

二、浏览器操作方法

常用的浏览器操作系统API

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#708090"># 方法</span>
<span style="color:#50a14f">"""
1、driver.maximize_window()  # 最大化浏览器
2、driver.set_window_size(w,h)  # 设置浏览器大小 单位像素 【了解】
3、driver.set_window_position(x,y)  # 设置浏览器位置  【了解】
4、driver.back() # 后退操作
5、driver.forward() # 前进操作
6、driver.refrensh() # 刷新操作
7、driver.close() # 关闭当前主窗口（主窗口：默认启动那个界面，就是主窗口）
8、driver.quit() # 关闭driver对象启动的全部页面
9、driver.title # 获取当前页面title信息
10、driver.current_url # 获取当前页面url信息
"""</span>
</code></span></span>

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
应用：driver.maximize_windows()  # 窗口最大化
	 driver.set_window_size(w,h) # 设置浏览器大小 【了解】
	 driver.set_window_position(x,y) # 设置浏览器窗口位置 【了解】
"""</span>

<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.baidu.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 窗口最大化</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>maximize_window<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 设置浏览器宽，高 【了解】</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>set_window_size<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1000</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#986801">1000</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 设置窗口浏览器位置  【了解】</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>set_window_position<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">200</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#986801">200</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

</code></span></span>

​

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
driver.back()
driver.forward()
driver.refresh()
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.sogou.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_css_selector<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'#query'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'易烊千玺'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'stb'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>click<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 后退</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>back<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 前进</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>forward<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 刷新</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>refresh<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

​

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python">
<span style="color:#50a14f">"""
driver.close() # 关闭当前主窗口，默认启动的界面就是主窗口
driver.quit() # 关闭全部页面
driver.title  # 获取页面标题
driver.current_url  # 获取页面地址 
"""</span>

<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.sogou.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_link_text<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'图片'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>click<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 这两个属性可以用来做断言使用</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"当前页面标题："</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>title<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"当前页面的url："</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>current_url<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 这里关闭的是原始页面，而不是新的页面，只有完成页面切换才可以关闭新的页面</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 场景：关闭单个页面使用</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>close<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 关闭浏览器驱动对象的所有页面</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

注意：driver.close() ，当前关闭的是主窗口，只有完成页面切换才可以关闭当前新的页面

提示：

1、driver.title 和 drivet.current_url是属性没有括号。应用场景：一般判断上不操作是否执行成功。

2、driver.maximize_window() 一般为前置代码放到获取driver地址后，进行浏览器窗口的最大化

3、driver.refresh() 向浏览器重新发出请求，刷新页面，在cookie 会用到

4、driver.close() 和 driver.quit() 的区别：

• close():关闭当前主窗口
• quit():关闭由driver对象启动的所有页面
• 如果只有一个窗口那么quit（）和 close（）没有区别。

三、获取元素信息操作

常用元素信息操作API

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
方法：
1、text 获取元素的文本； 如：driver.text
2、size 获取元素的大小： 如：driver.size
3、get_attribute 获取元素属性值；如：driver.get_attribute("id") ,传递的参数是元素的属性名
4、is_displayed 判断元素是否可见 如：element.is_displayed()
5、is_enabled 判断元素是否可用 如：element.is_enabled()
6、is_selected 判断元素是否被选中 如：element.is_selected()

"""</span>
</code></span></span>

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
text  获取元素文本 ,没有（）
size  获取元素大小 ，没有（）
get_attribute("属性名") 获取的是属性值
"""</span>

<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.sogou.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'query'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"目标元素尺寸："</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>size<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

new_ele <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'hanyu'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"目标元素文本："</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> new_ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>text<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

link <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_link_text<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"图片"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"目标元素属性值："</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> link<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get_attribute<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'id'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 关闭浏览器驱动对象的所有页面</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python">
<span style="color:#50a14f">"""
is_displayed() 判断元素是否可见，如：element.is_displayed
is_enabled() 判断元素是否可用， 如：element.is_enabled
is_selected() 判断元素是否被选中，如：element.is_selected
"""</span>

<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'file:///D:/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/page/%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8CA.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 判断元素是否可见，不可见并不代表不能定位</span>
span <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_name<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'sp1'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"元素是否可见："</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> span<span style="color:#999999">.</span>is_displayed<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

btn <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'cancelA'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"元素是否可用："</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> btn<span style="color:#999999">.</span>is_enabled<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

check <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'lia'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"元素是否被选中："</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> check<span style="color:#999999">.</span>is_selected<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 关闭浏览器驱动对象的所有页面</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

注意：里面的返回的结果都是True 和 False。

四、鼠标操作 （需要实例化鼠标对象）

1、我们有了鼠标为什么还要使用鼠标操作？？

​ 为了满足丰富的html鼠标效果，必须使用对应的方法。

2、鼠标时间对应的方法在那个类中？

​ ActionChains类,实例化 鼠标对象

导包：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium<span style="color:#999999">.</span>webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>common<span style="color:#999999">.</span>action_chains <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> ActionChains
</code></span></span>

• 1

3、鼠标事件常用的操作 ☆

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
1、context_click(element) # 右击
2、double_click(element)  #双击
3、double_and_drop(source, target)  # 拖拽
4、move_to_element(element)  # 悬停 【重点】
5、perform()  # 执行以上事件的方法 【重点】
"""</span>
</code></span></span>

4.1 鼠标右键及双击

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
鼠标操作：
context_click() 右键
double_click() 鼠标双击
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium<span style="color:#999999">.</span>webdriver <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> ActionChains

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.baidu.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 定位目标</span>
ele <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'kw'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 实例化 鼠标对象</span>
action <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> ActionChains<span style="color:#999999">(</span>driver<span style="color:#999999">)</span>、

<span style="color:#708090"># 鼠标右键</span>
action<span style="color:#999999">.</span>context_click<span style="color:#999999">(</span>ele<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 鼠标双击</span>
action<span style="color:#999999">.</span>double_click<span style="color:#999999">(</span>ele<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 鼠标执行操作！！！不执行没效果</span>
action<span style="color:#999999">.</span>perform<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

4.2 鼠标拖拽

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
鼠标操作：
# 鼠标拖拽
action.drag_and_drop(source， target)
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium<span style="color:#999999">.</span>webdriver <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> ActionChains

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'file:///D:/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/page/drag.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

red <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_xpath<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'//*[@id="div1"]'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
blue <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_xpath<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'//*[@id="div2"]'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 实例化鼠标</span>
action <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> ActionChains<span style="color:#999999">(</span>driver<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 鼠标拖拽</span>
action<span style="color:#999999">.</span>drag_and_drop<span style="color:#999999">(</span>red<span style="color:#999999">,</span> blue<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 鼠标执行</span>
action<span style="color:#999999">.</span>perform<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

​

4.3 鼠标悬停 【重点】

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
鼠标操作：
# 鼠标悬停 【重点】
action.move_to_element(element)
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium<span style="color:#999999">.</span>webdriver <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> ActionChains

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.baidu.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>maximize_window<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'s-usersetting-top'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 实例化鼠标</span>
action <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> ActionChains<span style="color:#999999">(</span>driver<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 鼠标悬停</span>
action<span style="color:#999999">.</span>move_to_element<span style="color:#999999">(</span>ele<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 鼠标执行</span>
action<span style="color:#999999">.</span>perform<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

注意: selenium 框架虽然提供了 鼠标右键方法，但是没有提供选择右键菜单方法，可以通过键盘快捷键操作实现

五、键盘操作（不需要实例化对）☆

1、说明：键盘对应的方法在Keys类中

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#708090"># 包</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium<span style="color:#999999">.</span>webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>common<span style="color:#999999">.</span>keys <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> Keys
</code></span></span>

2、快捷键（这里只讲windows操作系统的快捷键）：

​ CONTROL: Ctrl键

​ BACK_SPACE : 等价于 BACKSPACE （删除）

​ 其他：可以藏奥Keys底层的定义

3、应用

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#708090"># 单键</span>
element<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span>Keys<span style="color:#999999">.</span>XXX<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 组合键</span>
element<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span>Keys<span style="color:#999999">.</span>XXX<span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#50a14f">'a'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#708090"># 注意这里的组合键都是小写</span>
</code></span></span>

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
键盘操作
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium<span style="color:#999999">.</span>webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>common<span style="color:#999999">.</span>keys <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> Keys

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.baidu.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

ele <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'kw'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'易烊千玺'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span>Keys<span style="color:#999999">.</span>BACK_SPACE<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 组合键 Ctrl + a 全选 ，注意这里的组合键都是小写</span>
ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span>Keys<span style="color:#999999">.</span>CONTROL<span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#50a14f">'a'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span>Keys<span style="color:#999999">.</span>CONTROL<span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#50a14f">'x'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span>Keys<span style="color:#999999">.</span>CONTROL<span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#50a14f">'v'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

​

六、元素等待

1、为什么要设置元素等待

​ 由于电脑配置或网络原因，在查找元素时，元素代码未在第一时间内被加载出来，而抛出未找到元素异常。

2、什么是元素等待

​ 元素在第一次未找到时，元素等待设置的时长被激活，如果在设置的有效时长内找到元素，继续执行代码，如果超出设置的时长未找打元素，抛出未找到元素异常。

3、元素等待分类

​ 隐式等待：针对全局元素生效；（讲这个）

​ 显示等待：稍微麻烦，有兴趣的可以下去了解，他是针对单个元素生效。

隐式等待方法：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python">driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>implicitly_wait<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">30</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#708090"># 一般情况下设置30秒</span>
</code></span></span>

​ 特色：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-yacas">1. 针对所有元素生效。
2. 一般情况下为前置必写代码(1.获取浏览器驱动对象；2. 最大化浏览器；3. 设置隐式等待)
</code></span></span>

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
隐式等待
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium<span style="color:#999999">.</span>webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>common<span style="color:#999999">.</span>keys <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> Keys

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 1、获取浏览器驱动对象</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'file:///D:/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/page/%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8CA%E7%AD%89%E5%BE%85.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 2、窗口最大化</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>maximize_window<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 3、设置隐式等待</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>implicitly_wait<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">30</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'userA'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele<span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'admin'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

七、下拉框（需要实例化下拉框）

1、为什么单独使用下拉框？

​ 1)、如果option选项没有value值的化，css定位或其他定位就不太方便。

2、使用Select类

​ 1）、导包：from selenium.webdriver.support.select improt Select

​ 2）、实例化下拉框：s = Select(element)

​ 3）、调用方法：s.select_by_index()索引从0开始

3、Select类提供的方法

​ 1）、select_by_index() # 通过索引定位

​ 2）、select _by_value() # 通过value值

​ 3）、select_by_visible_text() # 显示文本

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
Select类方法：
需要实例化下拉框元素定位
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep

<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium<span style="color:#999999">.</span>webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>support<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> Select

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'file:///D:/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/page/%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8CA.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
ele <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'selectA'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 实例化下拉框</span>
s <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> Select<span style="color:#999999">(</span>ele<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># index 索引方法</span>
s<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select_by_index<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># value 属性值选择目标元素</span>
s<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select_by_value<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'sz'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># text 采用文本的方式选择目标信息</span>
s<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select_by_visible_text<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'A北京'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

八、弹出框

1、为什么要处理弹出框？

​ 一旦出现弹出框，如果不进行处理，则后续操作不可实现

2、弹窗分类

​ 系统弹窗：JS实现

​ 自定义弹窗：前端代码封装

3、对话框的分类：

​ alert：警告框

​ confirm：确认框

​ prompt：提示框

4、如何处理

​ 系统弹窗：上面的对话框处理方式都一样；

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-yacas">步骤：
1、需要切换到对话框
	driver.switch_to.alert
2、处理对话框
	alert.text # 获取文本
	alert.accept() # 接受
	alert.dismiss() # 拒接
</code></span></span>

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
系统弹窗：
切换对话框：driver.switch_to.alert
同意：alert.accept()
拒绝：alert.dismiss()
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep

<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium<span style="color:#999999">.</span>webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>support<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> Select

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'file:///D:/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/page/%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8CA.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'confirma'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>click<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 切换对话框</span>
alert <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>switch_to<span style="color:#999999">.</span>alert
<span style="color:#0077aa">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">"文本内容是："</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> alert<span style="color:#999999">.</span>text<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>


<span style="color:#708090"># 拒绝</span>
alert<span style="color:#999999">.</span>dismiss<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 同意</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># alert.accept()</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

自定义弹窗，由于可以鼠标右击检查选项获取元素信息，所以出现自行已弹窗的时候，直接定义目标元素，并进行移除操作即可。

九、滚动条

1、为什么要是用滚动条？

​ 在一些特殊场景中，一些按钮是在页面最下角，需要使用滚动条拉到最底层。

2、操作步骤

Selenium框架中没有专门处理滚动条的方法，需要通过调用 Js 代码实现操作；

​ 1）、第一步：设置操作滚动条操作语句：js_down="window.scollTo(0,1000)"

​ > 0:为左边距-----》水平滚动条

​ > 1000: 为垂直滚动条

​ 2）、第二步：调用执行js方法，将设置js语句传入方法中

​ > 方法：driver.execute_script(js_down)

​

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
滚动条：selenium中没有滚动条方法，需要js代码实现
1、准备js代码："window.scrollTo(0, 1000)"
2、执行js代码：driver.execute_script(js的变量)
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'file:///D:/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/page/%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8CA.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 1、准备js代码</span>
js_down <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> <span style="color:#50a14f">"window.scrollTo(0, 1000)"</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 2、执行js代码</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>execute_script<span style="color:#999999">(</span>js_down<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

十、切换frame表单 ☆

1、应用场景：

处于frame 中的元素，虽然可以获取元素信息，但是代码执行时无法定位元素，因此需要先切换到frame，再进行元素定位操作。

2、如何切换frame

方法：driver.switch_to.frame("id/name/element") 传入的是代表frame唯一的特征值

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python">
<span style="color:#50a14f">"""
frame的切换
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'file:///D:/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/page/%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 切换到frame</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>switch_to<span style="color:#999999">.</span>frame<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'idframe1'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 在frame表单中填写信息</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'userA'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'admin'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

10.1 连续切换frame

说明：如果要连续切换frame必须要先回到默认页面，才能够实现下一个frame的切换

回到主页面的方法：driver.switch_to.default_content()

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
需要默认切换到frame
方法：driver.switch_to.default_content()
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'file:///D:/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/page/%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>switch_to<span style="color:#999999">.</span>frame<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'idframe1'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'userA'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'admin'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>switch_to<span style="color:#999999">.</span>default_content<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>switch_to<span style="color:#999999">.</span>frame<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'myframe2'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'userB'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'admin4'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

十一、多窗口的切换 ☆

1、为什么要切换多窗口

​ 页面是存在多窗口的，但是selenium默认焦点只会在主窗口上的所有元素，不切换窗口，就不能操作除主窗口以外的窗口内元素。

2、如何切换

每个窗口都有唯一的一个句柄值，那么我们就可以通过句柄值来完成窗口的切换操作

​ 方法：

​ 1）、driver.current_window_handle (获取当前的句柄值)

​ 2）、driver.window_handles （ 获取当前由driver启动所有窗口句柄）

​ 3）、driver.switch_to.window(handle) —> 切换窗口

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
多窗口切换
driver.current_window_handle  获取当前的句柄值
driver.window_handles  获取driver启动的所有窗口句柄
driver.switch_to.window(handles[-1]) 切换窗口操作
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep

<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'file:///D:/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/page/%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'ZCB'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>click<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 1、获取当前的句柄值</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># print("当前的句柄值是：", driver.current_window_handle)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 2、</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 1).切换窗口操作,driver.window_handles 获取driver启动的所有窗口句柄</span>
handles <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>window_handles

<span style="color:#708090"># 2).切换窗口工作</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>switch_to<span style="color:#999999">.</span>window<span style="color:#999999">(</span>handles<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#a67f59">-</span><span style="color:#986801">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_id<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'userB'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'admin9'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

注意：这里的窗口切换也对应到了 close() 方法的作用，现在使用close（）就是关闭当前页面，如果还想重新操作原始页面，务必完成窗口切换。

十二、截图操作

使用的方法：

driver.get_screenshot_as_file(imgepath)

参数：

imagepath：为图片要保存的目录地址及文件名称

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
截图：driver.get_screenshot_as_file(imgepath)
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep

<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.baidu.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_element_by_xpath<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'//*[@id="kw"]'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>send_keys<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'易烊千玺'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#708090"># 截图方法，建议使用png格式 ， ./为当前路径，  ../为上一级路径</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get_screenshot_as_file<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'./info.png'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

​

注意：指定图片存放的路径，需要自己手动创建文件夹

十三、验证码

1、什么是验证码？

​ 一种随机生成的信息（文字，数字，图片）

2、验证码的作用？

​ 防止恶意请求

3、验证码的处理

​ 这边讲的是cookie解决

4、使用cookie 登录

​ 客户端登录账号后，将登录状态的想关 cookie 信息发给服务器保存，再发送去请求，携带cookie信息如果跟服务器保留的一致，则服务器认为客户端是登录状态。

5、这里实现自动登录的功能

​ 1）、准备工作，在客户端登录的状态下，获取cookie字段

​

2、方法步骤：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-yacas">1、整理cookie信息为字典数据，对应的是name和value，保存的一个变量中
2、调用方法添加cookie
	driver.add_cookie(cookie变量)
# 3、刷新页面 -->发送cookie给服务器验证
	driver.refresh()
</code></span></span>

cookie 的value就不给你们了，怕你们登录我的账号😂😂😂

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#fafafa"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#50a14f">"""
验证码：
{'name':'BDUSS',
'value':'............................'}
"""</span>
<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> time <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> sleep

<span style="color:#0077aa">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#0077aa">import</span> webdriver

driver <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Chrome<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'https://www.baidu.com/'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>maximize_window<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 1、整理cookie信息为字典数据，对应的是name和value，保存的一个变量中</span>
cookie_value <span style="color:#a67f59">=</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'name'</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'BDUSS'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
<span style="color:#50a14f">'value'</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#50a14f">'........................'</span><span style="color:#999999">}</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 2、调用方法添加cookie</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>add_cookie<span style="color:#999999">(</span>cookie_value<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#708090"># 3、刷新页面 -->发送cookie给服务器验证</span>
driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>refresh<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

sleep<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#986801">3</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

driver<span style="color:#999999">.</span>quit<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

• 演示：

​

---

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