1. 关系型数据库介绍
1.1 数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有：
- 层次模型
- 网状结构
- 关系模型
关系模型：
二维关系：row，column
数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS
1.2 RDBMS专业名词
常见的关系型数据库管理系统：
- MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
- PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
- Oracle
- MSSQL
**SQL：**Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言
**约束：**constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制
- 主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
- 一个表只能存在一个
- 惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
- 一个表可以存在多个
- 外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
- 检查性约束
**索引：**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储
1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件
关系型数据库的常见组件有：
- 数据库：database
- 表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
- 索引：index
- 视图：view
- 用户：user
- 权限：privilege
- 存储过程：procedure
- 存储函数：function
- 触发器：trigger
- 事件调度器：event scheduler
1.4 SQL语句
SQL语句有三种类型：
- DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
- DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
- DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言
| SQL语句类型 | 对应操作 |
|---|---|
| DDL | CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改 |
| DML | INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据 |
| DCL | GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权 |
MySQL安装
2.1 配置MySQL的yum源
安装wget
yum -y install wget
#配置mysql的yum源
wget -O /usr/src/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm \
http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@RHEL8 ~]cd /usr/src/
[root@RHEL8 src]#rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
//会出现MySQL的yum仓库
[root@RHEL8 src]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@RHEL8 yum.repos.d]# ls
mysql-community.repo redhat.repo
mysql-community-source.repo server.repo
安装所需MySQL安装包
http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/
[root@RHEL8 ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@RHEL8 ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@RHEL8 ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@RHEL8 ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@RHEL8 ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@RHEL8 ~]# ls
mysql-community-client-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-devel-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-server-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
//软件包已经成功下载到本地
//安装软件包
[root@RHEL8 ~]# yum -y localinstall *.rpm
2.2 mysql配置
启动MySQL并设置开机自启
[root@RHEL8 ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld`
[root@RHEL8 ~]# systemctl status mysqld
查看3306是否已经监听
[root@RHEL8 ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
过滤查看MySQL密码（此密码属于一次性密码，用来给数据库设置新密码用）
[root@RHEL8 ~]# grep password /var/log/mysqld.log
2023-08-29T15:49:33.735173Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 5IjfwC%2u_6H
[root@RHEL8 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'5IjfwC%2u_6H' //使用临时命令进入MySQL
mysql> set password = password('Zhouwei123!'); //设置新的密码
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql>
[root@RHEL8 ~]# rpm -qa|grep mysql
mysql-community-client-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch //卸载掉它防止自动更新
mysql-community-libs-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-server-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-common-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-devel-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
//为避免mysql自动升级，这里需要卸载最开始安装的yum源
[root@RHEL8 ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release //删除
[root@RHEL8 ~]# rpm -qa|grep mysql
mysql-community-client-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-server-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-common-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-devel-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
2.3 mysql的程序组成
- 客户端
- mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
- mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
- mysqldump：mysql备份工具
- mysqladmin
- 服务器端
- mysqld
安全初始化
[root@RHEL8 ~]# mysql_secure_installation
Securing the MySQL server deployment.
Enter password for user root:
The 'validate_password' plugin is installed on the server.
The subsequent steps will run with the existing configuration
of the plugin.
Using existing password for root.
Estimated strength of the password: 100
Change the password for root ? ((Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : //回车
... skipping.
By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user,
allowing anyone to log into MySQL without having to have
a user account created for them. This is intended only for
testing, and to make the installation go a bit smoother.
You should remove them before moving into a production
environment.
Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
Success.
Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from
'localhost'. This ensures that someone cannot guess at
the root password from the network.
Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) :
//回车
... skipping.
By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that
anyone can access. This is also intended only for testing,
and should be removed before moving into a production
environment.
Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
- Dropping test database...
Success.
- Removing privileges on test database...
Success.
Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes
made so far will take effect immediately.
Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
Success.
All done!
2.4 MySQL工具的使用
//语法：mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS：
-uUSERNAME //指定用户名，默认为root
-hHOST //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
-pPASSWORD //指定用户的密码
-P# //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
-V //查看当前使用的mysql版本
-e //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本
查看MySQL版本
[root@RHEL8 ~]# mysql -V
`mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.43, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
查看数据库
[root@RHEL8 ~]# mysql -uroot -pZhouwei123! -e 'show databases'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
如果想要用一台master主机连接RHEL8的数据库
先在主机上面安装mariadb作为客户端
[root@master ~]# yum -y install mariadb
授权master主机的tom用户登录数据库
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'tom'@'192.168.198.112' identified by 'Zhouwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
刷新
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
关闭防火墙（主控RHEL8和受控master的防火墙都需要关闭）
[root@master ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
通过受控master连接主控RHEL8的数据库
[root@master ~]# mysql -utom -pZhouwei123! -h192.168.198.130
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 11
Server version: 5.7.43 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MySQL [(none)]>
2.5 真实机workbench链接虚拟机数据库
本地使用workbench连接数据库
使用真实机的cmd查看ip
C:\Users\zw>ipconfig
在linux上面的MySQL添加访问权限
mysql> grant all on *.* to tom@192.168.198.1 identified by 'Zhouwei1
123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>
测试连接成功
查看linux数据库的权限
mysql> show grants;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show grants for 'tom'@192.168.198.1;
+------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for tom@192.168.198.1 |
+------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'tom'@'192.168.198.1' |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
-------------+
| Grants for tom@192.168.198.1 |
+------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'tom'@'192.168.198.1' |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
2.7 服务器监听的两种socket地址
| socket类型 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| ip socket | 默认监听在tcp的3306端口，支持远程通信 |
| unix sock | 监听在sock文件上（/tmp/mysql.sock，/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock） 仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是：localhost，127.0.0.1 |
3.MySQL数据库操作
3.1 DDL操作
3.1.1 数据库操作
创建数据库
mysql> create database if not exists zhouwei; //创建数据库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> show databases; //查看数据库
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| zhouwei |
+--------------------+
删除数据库
mysql> drop database if exists zhouwei;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
3.1.2 表操作
mysql> create database zhouwei; //创建数据库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use zhouwei; //进入数据库
Database changed
mysql> create table zhouwei(id int not null,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> show tables; //查看当前有哪些表
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_zhouwei |
+-------------------+
| zhouwei |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop table zhouwei; //删除表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
3.1.3 用户操作
mysql用户帐号由两部分组成，如’USERNAME’@‘HOST’，表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录
这里（‘USERNAME’@‘HOST’）的HOST用于限制此用户可通过哪些主机远程连接mysql程序，其值可为：
- IP地址，如：172.16.12.129
- 通配符
- %：匹配任意长度的任意字符，常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
- _：匹配任意单个字符
//数据库用户创建
//语法：CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
//创建数据库用户zhouwei
mysql> CREATE USER 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.130' IDENTIFIED BY 'zhouwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//使用新创建的用户和密码登录
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uzhouwei -pzhouwei123! -h192.168.198.130
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
//删除数据库用户
//语法：DROP USER 'username'@'host';
mysql> DROP USER 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.130';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
3.1.4 查看命令SHOW
mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET; //查看支持的所有字符集
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
......
......
mysql> SHOW ENGINES; //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine | Support | Comment
| Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and
foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
| MRG_MYISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables
| NO | NO | NO |
| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
| BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO |
| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
| FEDERATED | NO | Federated MySQL storage engine | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases; //查看数据库信息
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| zhouwei |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> show tables from zhouwei; //不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_zhouwei |
+-------------------+
| zhouwei |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//查看表结构
//语法：DESC [db_name.]table_name;
mysql> desc zhouwei.zhouwei;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
//查看某表的创建命令
//语法：SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
mysql> show create table zhouwei.zhouwei;
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| zhouwei | CREATE TABLE `zhouwei` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`age` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//查看某表的状态
//语法：SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'table_name'\G
mysql> show table status like 'zhouwei'\G //查看zhouwei表的状态
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: zhouwei
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Dynamic
Rows: 0
Avg_row_length: 0
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 0
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: 2023-08-31 22:09:42
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.1.5 获取帮助
//获取命令使用帮助
//语法：HELP keyword;
mysql> HELP CREATE TABLE; //获取创建表的帮助
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
(create_definition,...)
[table_options]
[partition_options]
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
[(create_definition,...)]
[table_options]
[partition_options]
[IGNORE | REPLACE]
[AS] query_expression
......
......
4 DML操作
DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT)，均属针对表的操作。
4.1 INSERT语句
//DML操作之增操作insert
//语法：INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} (value1,...),(...),...
```
mysql> use zhouwei;
Database changed
mysql> insert into zhouwei(id,name,age) value(1,'tom',20);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into zhouwei (id,name,age) values(2,'jerry',23),(3,'zhouwei',25),(4,'lisi',NULL);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
4.2 SELECT语句
字段column表示法
| 表示符 | 代表什么？ |
|---|---|
| * | 所有字段 |
| as | 字段别名，如col1 AS alias1 当表名很长时用别名代替 |
条件判断语句WHERE
| 操作类型 | 常用操作符 |
|---|---|
| 操作符 | >，<，>=，<=，=，!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE：模糊匹配 RLIKE：基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL：非空 IS NULL：空 |
| 条件逻辑操作 | AND OR NOT |
ORDER BY：排序，默认为升序（ASC）
| ORDER BY语句 | 意义 |
|---|---|
| ORDER BY ‘column_name’ | 根据column_name进行升序排序 |
| ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC | 根据column_name进行降序排序 |
| ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2 | 根据column_name进行升序排序 并只取前2个结果 |
| ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2 | 根据column_name进行升序排序 并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果 |
//DML操作之查操作select
//语法：SELECT column1,column2,... FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];
mysql> use zhouwei;
Database changed
mysql> select * from zhouwei;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
| 4 | lisi | NULL |
+----+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name from zhouwei;
+---------+
| name |
+---------+
| tom |
| jerry |
| zhouwei |
| lisi |
+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei order by age;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 4 | lisi | NULL |
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
+----+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei order by age desc;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 4 | lisi | NULL |
+----+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei order by age limit 2;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 4 | lisi | NULL |
| 1 | tom | 20 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei order by age limit 1,2;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
+----+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei where age >=25;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
+----+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei where age >=22 and name = 'jerry';
+----+-------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-------+------+
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
+----+-------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei where age between 20 and 26;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
+----+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei where age is not null;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
+----+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei where age is null;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 4 | lisi | NULL |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.3 update语句
//DML操作之改操作update
//语法：UPDATE table_name SET column1 = new_value1[,column2 = new_value2,...] [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];
mysql> select * from zhouwei;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
| 4 | lisi | NULL |
+----+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update zhouwei set age = 30 where name = 'lisi';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from zhouwei where name = 'lisi';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 4 | lisi | 30 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.4 delete语句
//DML操作之删操作delete
//语法：DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];
mysql> select * from zhouwei;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
| 4 | lisi | 30 |
+----+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from zhouwei where id = 4;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
+----+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec
mysql> delete from zhouwei; //删除整张表的内容
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei;
Empty set (0.01 sec)
mysql> desc zhouwei;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
4.5 truncate语句
truncate与delete的区别：
| 语句类型 | 特点 |
|---|---|
| delete | DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项 可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据 非常占用空间 |
| truncate | 删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复 表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值 执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少 通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放 对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据 不能用于加入了索引视图的表 |
mysql> select * from zhouwei;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-----------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | zhouwei | 25 |
| 4 | sean | 28 |
| 5 | zhangshan | 26 |
| 6 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 7 | lisi | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> truncate zhouwei;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from zhouwei;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc zhouwei;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.6 DCL操作
4.6.1 创建授权grant
权限类型(priv_type)
| 权限类型 | 代表什么？ |
|---|---|
| ALL | 所有权限 |
| SELECT | 读取内容的权限 |
| INSERT | 插入内容的权限 |
| UPDATE | 更新内容的权限 |
| DELETE | 删除内容的权限 |
指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name
| 表示方式 | 意义 |
|---|---|
| . | 所有库的所有表 |
| db_name | 指定库的所有表 |
| db_name.table_name | 指定库的指定表 |
WITH GRANT OPTION：被授权的用户可将自己的权限副本转赠给其他用户，说白点就是将自己的权限完全复制给另一个用户。不建议使用。
mysql> show databases
-> ;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| zhouwei |
+--------------------+
//授权wangqing用户在数据库本机上登录访问所有数据库
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'zhouwei'@'localhost' identified by 'Zhouuwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.112' identified by 'Zhouwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
//授权zhouwei用户在192.168.198.112上远程登录访问zhouwei数据库
mysql> grant all on zhouwei.* to 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.112' identified by 'Zhouwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
//授权zhouwei用户在所有位置上远程登录访问zhouwei数据库
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'zhouwei'@'%' identified by 'Zhouwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
在受控机（master）查看是否有权限
[root@master ~]# mysql -uzhouwei -pZhouwei123! -h192.168.198.130;
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.43 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MySQL [(none)]>
4.6.2 查看授权
//查看当前登录用户的授权信息
mysql> show grants;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//查看指定用户zhouwei的授权信息
mysql> show grants for zhouwei;
+----------------------------------------------+
| Grants for zhouwei@% |
+----------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'zhouwei'@'%' |
+----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show grants for 'zhouwei'@'localhost';
+------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for zhouwei@localhost |
+------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'zhouwei'@'localhost' |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show grants for 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.112';
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for zhouwei@192.168.198.112 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.112' |
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `zhouwei`.* TO 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.112' |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.6.3 取消授权REVOKE
//语法：REVOKE priv_type,... ON db_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'host';
mysql> revoke all on *.* from 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.112';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
注意：mysql服务进程启动时会读取mysql库中的所有授权表至内存中：
- GRANT或REVOKE等执行权限操作会保存于表中，mysql的服务进程会自动重读授权表，并更新至内存中
- 对于不能够或不能及时重读授权表的命令，可手动让mysql的服务进程重读授权表
mysql> flush privileges;
扫一扫
1220
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
