目录
1. 头文件
1.1 Bitmap
C++ 数据结构学习 ---- 位图_孤城寻欢的博客-CSDN博客
1.2 Hashtable
C++ 数据结构学习 ---- 散列表_孤城寻欢的博客-CSDN博客
1.3 BinTree
C++ 数据结构学习 ---- 二叉树_孤城寻欢的博客-CSDN博客
1.4 List
C++ 数据结构学习 ---- 列表_孤城寻欢的博客-CSDN博客_c++列表
1.5 哈夫曼树
#include "Bitmap.h" //基于Bitmap实现
using HuffCode = Bitmap; //Huffman二进制编码
#include "Hashtable .h" //用HashTable实现
using HuffTable = Hashtable<char, char*>; //Huffman编码表
#include "BinTree.h"
using namespace std;
#define N_CHAR (0x80 - 0x20) //仅以可打印字符为例
//Huffman（超）字符
struct HuffChar {
char ch; int weight; //字符、频率
HuffChar(char c = '^', int w = 0) : ch(c), weight(w) {};
// 比较器、判等器（各列其一，其余自行补充）
bool operator< (HuffChar const& hc) { return weight > hc.weight; } //此处故意大小颠倒
bool operator> (HuffChar const& hc) { return weight < hc.weight; } //此处故意大小颠倒
bool operator!= (HuffChar const& hc) { return weight != hc.weight; }
bool operator== (HuffChar const& hc) { return weight == hc.weight; }
};
using HuffTree = BinTree<HuffChar>; //Huffman树，由BinTree派生，节点类型为HuffChar
#include "List.h" //用List实现
using HuffForest = List<HuffTree*>; //Huffman森林2. 相关函数
2.1 解码函数
// 根据编码树对长为n的Bitmap串做Huffman解码
void decode(HuffTree* tree, Bitmap* code, int n) {
BinNodePosi(HuffChar) x = tree->root();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
x = code->test(i) ? x->rc : x->lc;
if (IsLeaf(*x)) {
std::cout << x->data.ch << " ";
//printf("%c", x->data.ch);
x = tree->root();
}
}
if (x != tree->root()) std::cout << "...";//printf("...");
std::cout << std::endl;// printf("\n");
} //解出的明码，在此直接打印输出；实用中可改为根据需要返回上层调用者2.2 编码函数
//按照编码表对Bitmap串编码
int encode(HuffTable* table, Bitmap* codeString, char* s) {
int n = 0; //待返回的编码串总长n
for (size_t m = strlen(s), i = 0; i < m; i++) { //对于明文中的每个字符
char** pCharCode = table->get(s[i]); //取出其对应的编码串
if (!pCharCode) pCharCode = table->get(s[i] + 'A' - 'a'); //小写字母转为大写
if (!pCharCode) pCharCode = table->get(' '); //无法识别的字符统一视作空格
std::cout << *pCharCode;//printf("%s", *pCharCode); //输出当前字符的编码
for (size_t m = strlen(*pCharCode), j = 0; j < m; j++) //将当前字符的编码接入编码串
'1' == *(*pCharCode + j) ? codeString->set(n++) : codeString->clear(n++);
}
printf("\n"); return n;
} //二进制编码串记录于位图codeString中2.3 获取字符
//通过遍历获取各字符的编码
static void generateCT(Bitmap* code, int length, HuffTable* table, BinNodePosi(HuffChar) v) {
if (IsLeaf(*v)) //若是叶节点（还有多种方法可以判断）
{
table->put(v->data.ch, code->bits2string(length)); return;
}
if (HasLChild(*v)) //Left = 0
{
code->clear(length); generateCT(code, length + 1, table, v->lc);
}
if (HasRChild(*v)) //Right = 1
{
code->set(length); generateCT(code, length + 1, table, v->rc);
}
}2.4 字符散列表
//将各字符编码统一存入以散列表实现的编码表中
HuffTable* generateTable(HuffTree* tree) {
HuffTable* table = new HuffTable; Bitmap* code = new Bitmap;
generateCT(code, 0, table, tree->root());
release(code);
return table;
}; //release()负责释放复杂结构，与算法无直接关系，具体实现详见代码包2.5 字符频率建树
//根据频率统计表，为每个字符创建一棵树
HuffTree* generateTree(HuffForest* forest)
{
while (1 < forest->size())
{
HuffTree* T1 = minHChar(forest); HuffTree* T2 = minHChar(forest);
HuffTree* S = new HuffTree();
cout << endl << "################合并################ " << endl;//printf("\n################\nMerging ");
cout << "字符 " << T1->root()->data.ch;//print(T1->root()->data);
cout << " 和 ";//printf(" with ");
cout << "字符 " << T2->root()->data.ch<<endl;//print(T2->root()->data);
//printf(" ...\n");
S->insertAsRoot(HuffChar('^', T1->root()->data.weight + T2->root()->data.weight));
S->attachAsLC(S->root(), T1); S->attachAsRC(S->root(), T2);
forest->insertAsLast(S); //print(forest);
} //assert: 循环结束时，森林中唯一（列表首节点中）的那棵树即Huffman编码树
return forest->first()->data;
}2.6 字符出现频率
//统计字符出现频率
int* statistics(char* sample_text_file) {
int* freq = new int[N_CHAR]; //以下统计需随机访问，故以数组记录各字符出现次数
memset(freq, 0, sizeof(int) * N_CHAR); //清零
FILE* fp = fopen(sample_text_file, "r"); //assert: 文件存在且可正确打开
for (char ch; 0 < fscanf(fp, "%c", &ch); ) //逐个扫描样本文件中的每个字符
if (ch >= 0x20) freq[ch - 0x20]++; //累计对应的出现次数
fclose(fp); return freq;
}2.7 找出权重最小的字符
//在Huffman森林中找出权重最小的（超）字符
HuffTree* minHChar(HuffForest* forest)
{
ListNodePosi<HuffTree*> p = forest->first(); //从首节点出发查找
ListNodePosi<HuffTree*> minChar = p; //最小Huffman树所在的节点位置
int minWeight = p->data->root()->data.weight; //目前的最小权重
while (forest->valid(p = p->succ)) //遍历所有节点
if (minWeight > p->data->root()->data.weight) //若当前节点所含树更小，则
{
minWeight = p->data->root()->data.weight; minChar = p;
} //更新记录
return forest->remove(minChar); //将挑选出的Huffman树从森林中摘除，并返回
}2.8 字符频率森林
//根据频率树，产生频率森林
HuffForest* initForest(int* freq)
{
HuffForest* forest = new HuffForest; //以List实现的Huffman森林
for (int i = 0; i < N_CHAR; i++) //为每个字符
{
forest->insertAsLast(new HuffTree); //生成一棵树，并将字符及其频率
forest->last()->data->insertAsRoot(HuffChar(0x20 + i, freq[i])); //存入其中
}
return forest;
}3. 完整代码
#include <iostream>
#include "Huffman.h"
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { //Huffman编码算法统一测试
char s[] = "../_input/Huffman/huffman-text-0.txt";
char h[] = "../_input/Huffman/huffman-text-1.txt";
char t[] = "../_input/Huffman/huffman-text-2.txt";
char k[] = "../_input/Huffman/huffman-webster.txt";
//这里的文件，详细请看注解
int* freq = statistics(t); //根据样本文件，统计各字符的出现频率
HuffForest* forest = initForest(freq); //创建Huffman森林
release(freq);
HuffTree* tree = generateTree(forest); //生成Huffman编码树
release(forest);
//print(tree); //输出编码树
HuffTable* table = generateTable(tree); //将Huffman编码树转换为编码表
for (int i = 0; i < N_CHAR; i++) //输出编码表
printf(" %c: %s\n", i + 0x20, *(table->get(i + 0x20)));
for (int i = 2; i < argc; i++) { //对于命令行传入的每一明文串
printf("\nEncoding: %s\n", argv[i]); //以下测试编码
Bitmap* codeString = new Bitmap; //二进制编码串
int n = encode(table, codeString, argv[i]); //将根据编码表生成（长度为n）
printf("%s\n", codeString->bits2string(n)); //输出该编码串
printf("Decoding: "); //以下测试解码
decode(tree, codeString, n); //利用Huffman编码树，对长度为n的二进制编码串解码
release(codeString);
}
system("pause");
release(table);
release(tree);
return 0; //释放编码表、编码树
} 4. 运行结果及截图
5. 注解
哈夫曼的测试文件是在当前程序的上一级文件_input中
在Huffman文件夹中
在第一个huffman-text-0.txt文件的内容是
PART FOURTH
ST. PETERSBURG; FIRST JOURNEY TO WESTERN EUROPE
XIV
WHEN I joined the Circle of Tchaykóvsky, I found its members hotly
discussing the direction to be given to their activity. Some were in favor of
continuing to carry on radical and socialistic propaganda among the educated
youth; but others thought that the sole aim of this work should be to prepare
men who would be capable of arousing the great inert laboring masses, and that
their chief activity ought to be among the peasants and workmen in the towns. In
all the circles and groups which were formed at that time by the hundred, at St.
Petersburg and in the provinces, the same discussions went on; and everywhere
the second programme prevailed over the first.
If our youth had merely taken to socialism in the abstract, they might have
felt satisfied with a simple declaration of socialist principles, including as a
distant aim "the communistic possession of the instruments of production," and
in the meantime they might have carried on some sort of political agitation.
Many middle-class socialist politicians in Western Europe and America really
take this course. But our youth had been drawn to socialism in quite another
way. They were not theorists about socialism, but had become socialists by
living no better than the workers live, by making no distinction between "mine
and thine" in their circles, and by refusing to enjoy for their own satisfaction
the riches they had inherited from their fathers. They had done with regard to
capitalism what Tolstóy urges should be done with regard to war, when he calls
upon the people, instead of criticising war and continuing to wear the military
uniform, to refuse, each one for himself, to be a soldier and to bear arms. In
this same way our Russian youth, each one for himself or herself, refused to
take personal advantage of the revenues of their fathers. It was, of course,
necessary that they should identify themselves with the people. Thousands and
thousands of young men and women had already left their houses, and now they
tried to live in the villages and the industrial towns in all possible
capacities. This was not an organized movement: it was one of those mass
movements which occur at certain periods of sudden awakening of human
conscience. Now that small organized groups were formed ready to try a
systematic effort for spreading ideas of freedom and revolt in Russia, they were
forced to carry on that propaganda among the masses of the peasants and of the
workers in the towns. Various writers have tried to explain this movement "to
the people" by influences from abroad: "foreign agitators are everywhere," was a
favorite explanation. It is certainly true that our youth listened to the mighty
voice of Bakúnin, and that the agitation of the International Workingmen's
Association had a fascinating effect upon us. But the movement had a far deeper
origin: it began before "foreign agitators" had spoken to the Russian youth, and
even before the International Association had been founded. It was beginning in
the groups of Karakózoff in 1866; Turguéneff saw it coming, and already in 1859
faintly indicated it. I did my best to promote that movement in the Circle of
Tchaykóvsky; but I was only working with the tide which was infinitely more
powerful than any individual efforts.
We often spoke, of course, of the necessity of a political agitation against
our absolute government. We saw already that the mass of the peasants were being
driven to unavoidable and irremediable ruin by foolish taxation, and by still
more foolish selling off of their cattle to cover the arrears of taxes. We
"visionaries" saw coming that complete ruin of a whole population which by this
time, alas, has been accomplished to an appalling extent in Central Russia, and
is confessed by the government itself. We knew how, in every direction, Russia
was being plundered in a most scandalous manner. We knew, and we learned more
every day, of the lawlessness of the functionaries, and the almost incredible
bestiality of many among them. We heard continually of friends whose houses were
raided at night by the police, who disappeared in prisons, and who--we
ascertained later on--had been transported without judgment to hamlets in some
remote province of Russia. We felt, therefore, the necessity of a political
struggle against this terrible power, which was crushing the best intellectual
forces of the nation. But we saw no possible ground, legal or semi-legal, for
such a struggle.
Our elder brothers did not want our socialistic aspirations, and we could
not part with them. Nay, even if some of us had done so, it would have been of
no avail. The young generation, as a whole, were treated as "suspects," and the
elder generation feared to have anything to do with them. Every young man of
democratic tastes, every young woman following a course of higher education, was
a suspect in the eyes of the state police, and was denounced by Katkóff as an
enemy of the state. Cropped hair and blue spectacles worn by a girl, a Scotch
plaid worn in winter by a student, instead of an overcoat, which were evidences
of nihilist simplicity and democracy, were denounced as tokens of "political
unreliability." If any student's lodging came to be frequently visited by other
students, it was periodically invaded by the state police and searched. So
common were the night raids in certain students' lodgings that Kelnitz once
said, in his mildly humorous way, to the police officer who was searching the
rooms: "Why should you go through all our books, each time you come to make a
search? You might as well have a list of them, and then come once a month to see
if they are all on the shelves; and you might, from time to time, add the titles
of the new ones." The slightest suspicion of political unreliability was
sufficient ground upon which to take a young man from a high school, to imprison
him for several months, and finally to send him to some remote province of the
Uráls,--"for an undetermined term," as they used to say in their bureaucratic
slang. Even at the time when the Circle of Tchaykóvsky did nothing but
distribute books, all of which had been printed with the censor's approval,
Tchaykóvsky was twice arrested and kept some four or six months in prison; on
the second occasion at a critical time of his career as a chemist. His
researches had recently been published in the "Bulletin of the Academy of
Sciences," and he had come up for his final university examinations. He was
released at last, because the police could not discover sufficient evidence
against him to warrant his transportation to the Uráls! "But if we arrest you
once more," he was told, "we shall send you to Siberia." In fact, it was a
favorite dream of Alexander II. to have somewhere in the steppes a special town,
guarded night and day by patrols of Cossacks, where all suspected young people
could be sent, so as to make of them a city of ten or twenty thousand
inhabitants. Only the menace which such a city might some day offer prevented
him from carrying out this truly Asiatic scheme.
One of our members, an officer, had belonged to a group of young men whose
ambition was to serve in the provincial Zémstvos (district and county councils).
They regarded work in this direction as a high mission, and prepared themselves
for it by serious studies of the economical conditions of Central Russia. Many
young people cherished for a time the same hopes; but all these hopes vanished
at the first contact with the actual government machinery.
Having granted a very limited form of self-government to certain provinces
of Russia, the government immediately directed all its efforts to reducing that
reform to nothing by depriving it of all its meaning and vitality. The
provincial "self-government" had to content itself with the mere function of
state officials who would collect additional local taxes and spend them for the
local needs of the state. Every attempt of the county councils to take the
initiative in any improvement--schools, teachers' colleges, sanitary measures,
agricultural improvements, etc.--was met by the central government with
suspicion, with hostility,--and denounced by the "Moscow Gazette" as
"separatism," as the creation of "a state within the state," as rebellion
against autocracy.
If any one were to tell the true history, for example, of the teachers'
college of Tver, or of any similar undertaking of a Zémstvo in those years, with
all the petty persecutions, the prohibitions, the suspensions, and what not with
which the institution was harassed, no West European, and especially no American
reader, would believe it. He would throw the book aside, saying, "It cannot be
true; it is too stupid to be true." And yet it was so. Whole groups of the
elected representatives of several Zémstvos were deprived of their functions,
ordered to leave their province and their estates, or were simply exiled, for
having dared to petition the Emperor in the most loyal manner concerning such
rights as belonged to the Zémstvos by law. "The elected members of the
provincial councils must be simple ministerial functionaries, and obey the
minister of the interior:" such was the theory of the St. Petersburg government.
As to the less prominent people,--teachers, doctors, and the like, in the
service of the local councils,--they were removed and exiled by the state police
in twenty-four hours, without further ceremony than an order of the omnipotent
Third Section of the imperial chancery. No longer ago than last year, a lady
whose husband is a rich landowner and occupies a prominent position in one of
the Zémstvos, and who is herself interested in education, invited eight
schoolmasters to her birthday party. "Poor men," she said to herself, "they
never have the opportunity of seeing any one but the peasants." The day after
the party, the village policeman called at the mansion and insisted upon having
the names of the eight teachers, in order to report them to the police
authorities. The lady refused to give the names. "Very well," he replied, "I
will find them out, nevertheless, and make my report. Teachers must not come
together, and I am bound to report if they do." The high position of the lady
sheltered the teachers, in this case; but if they had met in the lodgings of one
of their own number, they would have received a visit from the state police, and
half of them would have been dismissed by the ministry of education; and if,
moreover, an angry word had escaped from one of them during the police raid, he
or she would have been sent to some province of the Uráls. This is what happens
to-day, thirty-three years after the opening of the county and district
councils; but it was far worse in the seventies. What sort of basis for a
political struggle could such institutions offer?
When I inherited from my father his Tambóv estate, I thought very seriously
for a time of settling on that estate, and devoting my energy to work in the
local Zémstvo. Some peasants and the poorer priests of the neighborhood asked me
to do so. As for myself, I should have been content with anything I could do, no
matter how small it might be, if only it would help to raise the intellectual
level and the well-being of the peasants. But one day, when several of my
advisers were together, I asked them: "Supposing I were to try to start a
school, an experimental farm, a cooperative enterprise, and, at the same time,
also took upon myself the defense of that peasant from our village who has
lately been wronged,--would the authorities let me do it?" "Never!" was the
unanimous reply.
An old gray-haired priest, a man who was held in great esteem in our
neighborhood, came to me, a few days later, with two influential dissenting
leaders, and said: "Talk with these two men. If you can manage it, go with them
and, Bible in hand, preach to the peasants....Well, you know what to
preach....No police in the world will find you, if they conceal you....There's
nothing to be done besides; that's what I, an old man, advise you."
I told them frankly why I could not assume the part of Wiclif. But the old
man was right. A movement similar to that of the Lollards is rapidly growing now
amongst the Russian peasants. Such tortures as have been inflicted on the
peace-loving Dukhobórs, and such raids upon the peasant dissenters in South
Russia as were made in 1897, when children were kidnapped so that they might be
educated in orthodox monasteries, will only give to that movement a force that
it could not have attained five-and-twenty years ago.
As the question of agitation for a constitution was continually being raised
in our discussions, I once proposed to our circle to take it up seriously, and
to choose an appropriate plan of action. I was always of the opinion that when
the circle decided anything unanimously, each member ought to put aside his
personal feeling and give all his strength to the task. "If you decide to
agitate for a constitution," I said, "this is my plan: I will separate myself
from you, for appearance' sake, and maintain relations with only one member of
the circle,--for instance, Tchaykóvsky,--through whom I shall be kept informed
how you succeed in your work, and can communicate to you in a general way what I
am doing. My work will be among the courtiers and the higher functionaries. I
have among them many acquaintances, and know a number of persons who are
disgusted with the present conditions. I will bring them together and unite
them, if possible, into a sort of organization; and then, some day, there is
sure to be an opportunity to direct all these forces toward compelling Alexander
II. to give Russia a constitution. There certainly will come a time when all
these people, feeling that they are compromised, will in their own interest take
a decisive step. If it is necessary, some of us, who have been officers, might
be very helpful in extending the propaganda amongst the officers in the army;
but this action must be quite separate from yours, though parallel with it. I
have seriously thought of it. I know what connections I have and who can be
trusted, and I believe some of the discontented already look upon me as a
possible centre for some action of this sort. This course is not the one I
should take of my own choice; but if you think that it is best, I will give
myself to it with might and main."
The circle did not accept that proposal. Knowing one another as well as they
did, my comrades probably thought that if I went in this direction I should
cease to be true to myself. For my own personal happiness, for my own personal
life, I cannot feel too grateful now that my proposal was not accepted. I should
have gone in a direction which was not the one dictated by my own nature, and I
should not have found in it the personal happiness which I have found in other
paths. But when, six or seven years later, the terrorists were engaged in their
terrible struggle against Alexander II., I regretted that there had not been
somebody else to do the sort of work I had proposed to do in the higher circles
at St. Petersburg With some understanding there beforehand, and with the
ramifications which such an understanding probably would have taken all over the
empire, the holocausts of victims would not have been made in vain. At any rate,
the underground work of the executive committee ought by all means to have been
supported by a parallel agitation at the Winter Palace.
Over and over again the necessity of a political effort thus came under
discussion in our little group, with no result. The apathy and the indifference
of the wealthier classes were hopeless, and the irritation among the persecuted
youth had not yet been brought to that high pitch which ended, six years later,
in the struggle of the terrorists under the executive committee. Nay,--and this
is one of the most tragical ironies of history,--it was the same youth whom
Alexander II., in his blind fear and fury, ordered to be sent by the hundred to
hard labor and condemned to slow death in exile; it was the same youth who
protected him in 1871-78. The very teachings of the socialist circles were such
as to prevent the repetition of a Karakózoff attempt on the Tsar's life.
"Prepare in Russia a great socialist mass movement amongst the workers and the
peasants," was the watchword in those times. "Don't trouble about the Tsar and
his counselors. If such a movement begins, if the peasants join in the mass
movement to claim the land and to abolish the serfdom redemption taxes, the
imperial power will be the first to seek support in the moneyed classes and the
landlords and to convoke a Parliament,--just as the peasant insurrection in
France, in 1789, compelled the royal power to convoke the National Assembly; so
it will be in Russia."
But there was more than that. Separate men and groups, seeing that the reign
of Alexander II. was hopelessly doomed to sink deeper and deeper in reaction,
and entertaining at the same time vague hopes as to the supposed "liberalism" of
the heir apparent,--all young heirs to thrones are supposed to be
liberal,--persistently reverted to the idea that the example of Karakózoff ought
to be followed. The organized circles, however, strenuously opposed such an
idea, and urged their comrades not to resort to that course of action. I may now
divulge the following fact which has never before been made public. When a young
man came to St. Petersburg from one of the southern provinces with the firm
intention of killing Alexander II., and some members of the Tchaykóvsky circle
learned of his plan, they not only applied all the weight of their arguments to
dissuade the young man, but, when he would not be dissuaded, they informed him
that they would keep a watch over him and prevent him by force from making any
such attempt Knowing well how loosely guarded the Winter Palace was at that
time, I can positively say that they saved the life of Alexander II. So firmly
were the youth opposed at that time to the war in which later, when the cup of
their sufferings was filled to overflowing, they took part.在第二个huffman-text-1.txt文件的内容是
Gone with the Wind - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaHideWikipedia is getting a
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Gone with the Wind
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
This article is about the novel. For the film, see Gone with the Wind (film).
For other uses, see Gone with the Wind (disambiguation).
Gone With the Wind
1936 original cover of Gone with the Wind
AuthorMargaret Mitchell
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Genre(s)Historical fiction, Romance, Drama, Novel
PublisherMacmillan Publishers
Publication dateMay 1936
Media typePrint (hardcover and paperback)
Pages1037 (first edition)
1024 (Warner Books paperback)
ISBNISBN 0-446-36538-6 (Warner)
OCLC Number28491920
Followed byScarlett
Gone with the Wind, first published in May 1936, is a romantic novel written by
Margaret Mitchell. The story is set in Clayton County, Georgia and Atlanta,
Georgia during the American Civil War and Reconstruction[1] and depicts the
experiences of Scarlett O'Hara, the spoiled daughter of a well-to-do plantation
owner. The novel is the source of the extremely popular 1939 film of the same
name.
Contents [hide]
1 Title
2 Plot
2.1 Overview
2.2 Part one
2.3 Parts two and three
2.4 Part four
2.5 Part five
3 Characters
3.1 Butler family
3.2 Wilkes family
3.3 O'Hara family
3.4 Other characters
4 Setting
5 Politics
6 Inspirations
7 Reception
8 Symbolism
9 Sequels
10 Adaptations
11 Awards
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
[edit] Title
The title is taken from the first line of the third stanza of the poem Non Sum
Qualis eram Bonae Sub Regno Cynarae[2] by Ernest Dowson: "I have forgot much,
Cynara! gone with the wind". The novel's protagonist, Scarlett O'Hara, also uses
the title phrase in a line in the book: when her home area is overtaken by the
Yankees, she wonders to herself if her home, a plantation called Tara, is still
standing, or if it was "also gone with the wind which had swept through
Georgia". More generally, the title has been interpreted as referring to the
entire way of life of the antebellum South as having "Gone with the Wind". The
prologue of the movie refers to the old way of life in the South as "gone with
the wind…."
The title for the novel was a problem for Mitchell. She initially titled the
book "Pansy", the original name for the character of Scarlett O'Hara. Although
never seriously considered, the title "Pansy" was dropped once MacMillan
persuaded Mitchell to rename the main character. Other proposed titles included
"Tote the Weary Load" and "Tomorrow is Another Day", the latter taken from the
last line in the book; however, the publisher noted that there were several
books close to the same title at the time, so Mitchell was asked to find another
title, and "Gone with the Wind" was chosen.
[edit] Plot
This section's plot summary may be too long or overly detailed. Please
help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more
concise. (April 2009)
[edit] Overview
Scarlett O'Hara is the daughter of an Irish immigrant who has risen from humble
origins to become materially and socially successful in the deep south of 1861.
He owns a plantation named Tara in Georgia. Scarlett is infatuated with Ashley
Wilkes, who, although attracted to her(at least she thinks so), marries his
cousin, Melanie Hamilton. Wilkes is genuinely ambiguous about his feelings
toward Scarlett. He knows his feelings run deep, and are both emotional and
sexual in nature; but he never resolves whether to act upon his feelings, or to
renounce them and definitively reject Scarlett’s flirtations, in favor of his
wife and his social position. And though he never sins in the flesh, the novel
clearly implies that he does so in his heart, leading Scarlett along; limited
only by his weakness in making a decision as to what ultimately, he should do.
At the party announcing Ashley's engagement to Melanie, Scarlett meets Rhett
Butler, who has a reputation as a rogue. As the Civil War begins, Scarlett
accepts( in fact entices Charles into it, partly to be near Ashley and partly to
take revenge from his sisters who were gossiping about her loose manners) a
proposal of marriage from Melanie's brother, Charles Hamilton, who soon dies of
disease in training. Scarlett's main concern regarding his death is not grief
but that she is required to wear black which she hates, and above all cannot
attend parties. After the war, Scarlett inherits Tara and manages to keep the
place going. When Scarlett cannot get money from Rhett to pay the taxes on Tara,
she marries her sister's fiancé, Frank Kennedy, takes control of his business,
and increases its profitability with business practices that make many
Atlantians resent her. Frank is killed when he and other Ku Klux Klan members
raid a shanty town where Scarlet was assaulted while driving alone. Remorseful
after Frank's death, Scarlett marries Rhett, who is aware of her passion for
Ashley(witnessed at Ashley and Melanie's engagement) but hopes that one day she
will come to love him instead. Scarlett eventually comes to realize that she
does love Rhett, but only once the couple has been through so much that Rhett
has fallen out of love with her.
[edit] Part one
Scarlett O'Hara is the belle of the County. Her flirtatiousness and charm won
the hearts of many men in Clayton County, Georgia. At sixteen years old,
however, she begins the trials that will completely overtake her life for the
next twelve years. She does this by having an impromptu marriage with the
bashful Charles Hamilton to save face and make her real love—Ashley
Wilkes—jealous. However, soon after their wedding, Charles and all the other men
in Georgia who are able to bear arms, go to war against the Yankees at the start
of the Civil War. After six weeks of being in camp, Charles dies of measles.
With Charles's death, Scarlett's main concern is that, in order to conform to
society, she must dress in black mourning clothes and attend no parties.
[edit] Parts two and three
Scarlett moves to Atlanta to stay with her sister-in-law and Ashley’s wife,
Melanie Wilkes and Melanie's Aunt Pittypat. Melanie grows to love Scarlett like
a sister; however, Scarlett is very self-centered and resents Melanie. Scarlett
meets Rhett Butler again while in Atlanta; he is attentive to her and she uses
him (and his money) when it is convenient. Rhett has a bad reputation and is
"not received" in polite society. Ashley is able to come home for Christmas from
the war and stay with the ladies. At the end of his stay, Scarlett promises him
that she will keep Melanie safe. With the help of Rhett and her personal slave,
Prissy, Scarlett delivers Melanie's child Beau in the middle of a battle and
leads Melanie, the baby and Prissy to safety back at Tara. The Civil War is
ending and the northern army is marching through Georgia laying waste to the
country. Upon her arrival, Scarlett hears the news of the death of her beloved
mother, Ellen, of typhoid. Scarlett stays at Tara Plantation and tries to keep
it solvent and care for its inhabitants.
[edit] Part four
Scarlett hears that Tara is about to be charged an enormous amount of tax by the
new corrupt local government which she cannot pay. She decides to go to Atlanta
and charm Rhett into paying the bill. After offering herself to Rhett who is in
jail, as his mistress and being refused,since he can not disclose his fortunes
for fear of being dispossessed. However, Scarlett marries Frank Kennedy, who has
enough money to pay the tax on Tara. Frank is the fiancé of Scarlett's sister
Suellen so she deceives him into thinking that Suellen is engaged to someone
else in Clayton County.
With money borrowed from and then repaid to Rhett, Scarlett buys two timber
mills and proceeds to make them very profitable. Her actions are considered very
inappropriate for a woman by Atlanta society. As she travels home from one of
her mills, one night, she is attacked by blacks near a shanty. Frank, Ashley,
and many other men in the newly formed Ku Klux Klan avenge her attack. In the
fight, Frank is killed.
A few months later Scarlett marries Rhett, who has become very rich by dubious
means during the War.
[edit] Part five
Scarlett and Rhett start to enjoy their new life together. They have a child
named Eugenia Victoria "Bonnie Blue" Butler, who becomes Rhett’s pride and joy.
They live happily until Scarlett’s old infatuation with Ashley takes over. When
Bonnie is killed in a riding accident Scarlett in the first flush of grief tells
Rhett that she blames him. Rhett is heartbroken over the death of his beloved
daughter. He drinks heavily and finally decides, after the death of Melanie
Wilkes, to leave Scarlett forever. However, Scarlett realizes that she loves
Rhett and never truly loved Ashley, but merely an idea of him. She confesses
this to Rhett, but he is adamant. The book ends on an ambiguous note, as she
decided to return to the familiarity of her beloved Tara, where she will find a
way to win Rhett back: "Tomorrow is another day!".
[edit] Characters
[edit] Butler family
Rhett Butler – Scarlett's love interest and third husband, often publicly
shunned for scandalous behavior, sometimes accepted for his charm. He is
financially a very shrewd man and initially appears to love Scarlett dearly.
Eugenia Victoria "Bonnie Blue" Butler – Scarlett and Rhett's pretty, beloved
daughter,
miscarried baby after Scarlett's fall, and later Katie Colum "Cat" O'Hara in
Scarlett.
[edit] Wilkes family
Ashley Wilkes – The gallant Ashley married his unglamourous cousin, Melanie,
because she represented all that he loved and wanted in life, that is, the
quiet and happy life of a Southern gentleman of the "Twelve Oaks" plantation.
Ashley Wilkes marries Melanie Hamilton as an arranged marriage between the
Wilkes-Hamilton families; in which the marriage of cousins (which Ashley and
Melanie are) is the practice; when necessary to preserve the blood line and
social position of the family. As such, Wilkes is not, in the strictest sense,
brought to marriage by love, money, or sexual infatuation; but by a sense of
duty to preserve the socio-economic status quo of a world which he personally
enjoys and agrees with; and believes this marriage will support and sustain.
Wilkes becomes a soldier for the Confederate cause though he personally would
have freed the slaves his father owned had the war not erupted, or at least that
is what he claimed. Although many of his friends and relations were killed in
the Civil War, Ashley survived to see its brutal aftermath. He remains the
object of Scarlett's daydream of infatuated devotion, even throughout her three
marriages. She is simply obsessed with unobtainable Ashley. Believing that she
was in love with him, Scarlett imagined Ashley to be the "perfect man", leaving
her unable to love another.
Melanie Hamilton Wilkes – Ashley's wife and cousin, her character is that of
the genuinely humble, serene and gracious Southern woman. As the story
unfolds, Melanie becomes progressively physically weaker, first by childbirth,
then the effects of war, and ultimately illness. She had her own unique inner
spirit of perseverance, as did Scarlett. Melanie loved Ashley, Beau, and
Scarlett unwaveringly, and dutifully supported the Confederate cause,
revealing the naivete of her character.
Beau Wilkes – Melanie's and Ashley's lovable son.
India Wilkes – Ashley's sister. Almost engaged to Stuart Tarleton, she
bitterly hates Scarlett for stealing his attention before he is killed at
Gettysburg. Lives with Aunt Pittypat after Melanie kicks her out for accusing
Scarlett and Ashley of infidelity.
Honey Wilkes – another sister of India and Ashley. Originally hoped to marry
Charles Hamilton until Scarlett marries him; following the war, she marries a
man from Mississippi, and moves to his home state with him.
John Wilkes – Owner of Twelve Oaks Plantation and patriarch of the Wilkes
family. Killed during the Civil War.
[edit] O'Hara family
Scarlett O'Hara – The wilful protagonist of the novel, whose travails the
novel follows throughout war and reconstruction. She marries Charles Hamilton,
Frank Kennedy and Rhett Butler, all the time wishing she was married to Ashley
Wilkes instead. She has three children, one from each husband: Wade Hampton
Hamilton (son to Charles Hamilton), Ella Lorena Kennedy (daughter to Frank
Kennedy) and Eugenia Victoria "Bonnie Blue" Butler (deceased daughter to Rhett
Butler), miscarried baby after Scarlett's fall, and later Katie Colum "Cat"
O'Hara in Scarlett.
Gerald O'Hara – Scarlett's impetuous Irish father.
Suellen O'Hara – Scarlett's selfish sister.
Carreen O'Hara – Scarlett's timid, religious sister who, in the end of the
story, joins a convent.
Ellen O'Hara – Scarlett's gracious mother, of French ancestry.
[edit] Other characters
Mammy – Scarlett's nurse from birth; a slave. Cited by Rhett as "the real head
of the household." She has a no-nonsense attitude and is outspoken and
opinionated. She chastises Scarlett often. She is extremely loyal to the
O'Haras, especially Scarlett, whom she cares for like a daughter.
Prissy – A young slave girl who features in Scarlett's life. She is portrayed
as flighty and silly.
Pork – The O'Hara family's butler, favored by Gerald.
Dilcey – Pork's wife, a strong, outspoken slave woman of mixed Indian and
Black decent, Prissy's mother.
Charles Hamilton – Melanie's brother, Scarlett's first husband, shy and
loving.
Frank Kennedy – Suellen's former beau, Scarlett's second husband, an older man
who only wants peace and quiet. He originally asks for Suellen's hand in
marriage, but Scarlett steals him to save Tara. He is portrayed as a pushover
who will do anything to appease Scarlett.
Belle Watling – a brothel madam and prostitute; Rhett is her friend. She is
portrayed as a kind-hearted country woman and a loyal confederate. At one
point she states she has nursing experience.
Archie – an ex-convict and former Confederate soldier who is taken in by
Melanie. Has a strong disliking for all women, especially Scarlett. The only
woman he respects is Melanie.
Jonas Wilkerson – former overseer of Tara, father of Emmie Slattery's
illegitimate baby. After being dismissed because of the aforementioned he
eventually becomes employed by the Freedmen's Bureau, where he abuses his
position to get back at the O'Haras and becomes rich.
Emmie Slattery – later wife of Jonas Wilkerson, whom Scarlett blames for her
mother's death.
Will Benteen – Confederate soldier who seeks refuge at Tara and stays on to
help with the plantation, in love with Carreen but marries Suellen to stay on
Tara, and repair her reputation. He is portrayed as very perceptive and lost
half of his leg in the war.
Aunt Pittypat Hamilton – Charles and Melanie's vaporish aunt who lives in
Atlanta.
Uncle Peter – Aunt Pittypat's houseman and driver, he is extremely loyal to
Pittypat.
[edit] Setting
Tara Plantation – The O'Hara home and plantation
Twelve Oaks – The Wilkes' plantation.
Peachtree Street – location of Aunt Pittypat's home in Atlanta
The novel opens in April 1861 and ends in the early autumn of 1873.
[edit] Politics
The book includes a vivid description of the fall of Atlanta in 1864 and the
devastation of war (some of that aspect was missing from the 1939 film). The
novel showed considerable historical research. According to her biography,
Mitchell herself was ten years old before she learned that the South had lost
the war. Mitchell's sweeping narrative of war and loss helped the book win the
Pulitzer Prize on May 3, 1937.
An episode in the book dealt with the early Ku Klux Klan. In the immediate
aftermath of the War, Scarlett is assaulted by poor Southerners living in
shanties, whereupon her former black slave Big Sam saves her life. In response,
Scarlett's male friends attempt to make a retaliatory nighttime raid on the
encampment. Northern soldiers try to stop the attacks, and Rhett helps Ashley,
who is shot, to get help through his prostitute friend Belle. Scarlett's husband
Frank is killed. This raid is presented sympathetically as being necessary and
justified, while the law-enforcement officers trying to catch the perpetrators
are depicted as oppressive Northern occupiers.
Although the Klan is not mentioned in that scene (though Rhett tells Archie to
burn the "robes"), the book notes that Scarlett finds the Klan abominable. She
believed the men should all just stay at home (she wanted both to be petted for
her ordeal and to give the hated Yankees no more reason to tighten martial law,
which is bad for her businesses). Rhett is also mentioned to be no great lover
of the Klan. At one point, he said that if it were necessary, he would join in
an effort to join "society". The novel never explicitly states whether this
drastic step was necessary in his view. The local chapter later breaks up under
the pressure from Rhett and Ashley.
Scarlett expresses views that were common of the era. Some examples:
"How stupid negroes were! They never thought of anything unless they were
told." — Scarlett thinks to herself, after returning to Tara after the fall of
Atlanta.
"How dared they laugh, the black apes!...She'd like to have them all whipped
until the blood ran down...What devils the Yankees were to set them free!" —
Scarlett again thinking to herself, seeing free blacks after the war.
However, she is kind to Pork, her father's trusted manservant. He tells
Scarlett that if she were as nice to white people as she is to black, a lot
more people would like her.
She almost loses her temper when the Yankee women say they would never have a
black nurse in their house and talk about Uncle Peter, Aunt Pittypat's beloved
and loyal servant, as if he were a mule. Scarlett informs them that Uncle
Peter is a member of the family, which bewilders the Yankee women and leads
them to misinterpret the situation.
It was mentioned that only one slave was ever whipped at Tara, and that was a
stablehand who didn't brush Gerald's horse. The only time Scarlett hit a slave
was when Prissy was hysterical.
Scarlett at one point criticized Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin,
saying no one treated their slaves that badly.
[edit] Inspirations
As several elements of Gone with the Wind have parallels with Margaret
Mitchell's own life, her experiences may have provided some inspiration for the
story in context. Mitchell's understanding of life and hardship during the
American Civil War, for example, came from elderly relatives and neighbors
passing war stories to her generation.[3]
While Margaret Mitchell used to say that her Gone with the Wind characters were
not based on real people, modern researchers have found similarities to some of
the people in Mitchell's own life as well as to individuals she knew or she
heard of.[4] Mitchell's maternal grandmother, Annie Fitzgerald Stephens, was
born in 1845; she was the daughter of an Irish immigrant, who owned a large
plantation on Tara Road in Clayton County, south of Atlanta, and who married an
American woman named Ellen, and had several children, all daughters.
Many researchers believe that the physical brutality and low regard for women
exhibited by Rhett Butler was based on Mitchell's first husband, Red Upshaw. She
divorced him after she learned he was a bootlegger amid rumors of abuse and
infidelity. Some believe he was patterned on the life of George
Trenholm.[5][6][7]
After a stay at the plantation called The Woodlands, and later Barnsley Gardens,
Mitchell may have gotten the inspiration for the dashing scoundrel from Sir
Godfrey Barnsley of Adairsville, Georgia.
Belle Watling was based on Lexington, Kentucky, madam Belle Brezing.
Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, the mother of US president Theodore Roosevelt may have
been an inspiration for Scarlett O'Hara. Roosevelt biographer David McCullough
discovered that Mitchell, as a reporter for The Atlanta Journal, conducted an
interview with one of Martha's closest friends and bridesmaid, Evelyn King
Baker, then 87. In that interview, she described Martha's physical appearance,
beauty, grace, and intelligence in detail. The similarities between Martha and
the Scarlett character are striking.
[edit] Reception
The sales of Margaret Mitchell's novel in the summer of 1936, at the virtually
unprecedented price of three dollars, reached about one million by the end of
December.[8] Favorable critics found in the novel and its success an implicit
rejection of what one reviewer dismissed as "all the thousands of technical
tricks our novelists have been playing with for the past twenty years," [9]
while from the ramparts of the critical establishment almost universally male
reviewers lamented the book's literary mediocrity and labeled it mere
"entertainment."[citation needed]
[edit] Symbolism
Over the past years, the novel Gone with the Wind has also been analyzed for its
symbolism and treatment of For example, Scarlett has been characterized as a
heroic figure struggling and attempting to twist life to suit her own personal
wishes in society.[10] The land is considered a source of strength, as in the
plantation Tara, whose name is almost certainly drawn from the Hill of Tara in
Ireland, a mysterious and poorly-understood archeological site that has
traditionally been connected to the temporal and/or spiritual authority of the
ancient Irish kings. It also represents the permanence of the land in a rapid
changing world.[11] Scarlett’s beautiful, perky hats take part of the symbolism
as well. They show her feminine side and how she wants nothing more than to be
the most attractive woman and the center of attention.[11]
[edit] Sequels
Although Mitchell refused to write a sequel to Gone With The Wind, Mitchell's
estate authorised Alexandra Ripley to write the novel Scarlett in 1991.
Author Pat Conroy was approached to write a follow-up, but the project was
ultimately abandoned.[12]
In 2000, the copyright holders attempted to suppress publication of Alice
Randall’s The Wind Done Gone, a book that retold the story from the point of
view of the slaves. A federal appeals court denied the plaintiffs an injunction
against publication in Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin (2001), on the basis that
the book was parody protected by the First Amendment. The parties subsequently
settled out of court to allow the book to be published. After its release, the
book became a New York Times bestseller.
In 2002, the copyright holders blocked distribution of an unauthorised sequel
published in the U.S, The Winds of Tara by Katherine Pinotti, alleging copyright
infringement. The story follows Scarlett as she returns to Tara where a family
issue threatens Tara and the family's reputation. In it Scarlett shows just how
far she will go to protect her family and her home. The book was immediately
removed from bookstores by publisher Xlibris. The book sold in excess of 2,000
copies within 2 weeks before being removed. More recently, in 2008, Australian
publisher Fontaine Press re-published "The Winds of Tara" exclusively for their
domestic market, avoiding U.S. copyright restrictions.[13]
A second sequel was released in November 2007. The story covers the same time
period as Gone with the Wind and is told from Rhett Butler’s perspective –
although it begins years before and ends after. Written by Donald McCaig, this
novel is titled Rhett Butler's People (2007).[14]
[edit] Adaptations
Gone With The Wind has been adapted several times for stage and screen, most
famously in the 1939 film starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh.
On stage it has been adapted as a musical Scarlett (premiering in 1972). The
musical opened in the West End followed by a pre-Broadway tryout in 1973 (with
Lesley Ann Warren as Scarlett). The book was again adapted as a musical called
Gone With The Wind which premiered at the New London Theatre in 2008 in a
production directed by Trevor Nunn.[15]
The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has also adapted the novel into a musical with the
same name. The first performance was in 1977, performed by the Moon Troupe. It
has been performed several times since by the group, the most recent being in
2004 (performed by the Cosmos Troupe).
There has also been a French musical Autant en Emporte le Vent, based on the
book.
[edit] Awards
The novel won the 1937 Pulitzer Prize and was adapted into an Academy
Award-winning 1939 film of the same name. The book was also adapted during the
1970s into a stage musical Scarlett; there is also a 2008 new musical stage
adaptation in London's West End titled Gone With The Wind. It is the only novel
by Mitchell published during her lifetime. It took her seven years to write the
book and a further eight months to check the thousands of historical and social
references. The novel is one of the most popular books of all time, selling more
than 30 million copies. Over the years, the novel has also been analyzed for its
symbolism and treatment of archetypes.[10][11]
Time magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels
from 1923 to 2005.[16]
[edit] See also
List of best-selling books
Lost Laysen, a 1916 novella written by Mitchell and the only other known
literary work of hers to ever be published
Rhett Butler's People, an authorized sequel to Gone with the Wind
Scarlett, an authorized sequel to Gone with the Wind
Southern literature
Southern Renaissance
[edit] References
^ See linked terms for more explanation and source references.
^ RPO - Ernest Dowson: Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cynarae
^ Arehart-Treichel, J: "Novel That Brought Fame, Riches Had a Surprising
Birth", Psychiatric News, 40(4):20
^ Gone With The Wind - Finding the Real Margaret Mitchell
^ Treasures of The Confederate Coast: the "Real Rhett Butler" & Other
Revelations, by Dr. E. Lee Spence, (Narwhal Press, Charleston/Miami, 1995),
ISBN 1886391017
^ Rosen, Robert N. Confederate Charleston: An illustrated history of the city
and the people during the Civil War. University of South Carolina Press, 1994.
p. 151.
^ Strauch, Ileana Ashley Hall, SC. Arcadia Publishing, 2003. p. 10.
^ Claudia Roth Pierpont, "A Study in Scarlett," New Yorker (August 31, 1992),
p. 87.
^ Pierpont, "A Study in Scarlett," p. 88.
^ a b O. Levitski and O. Dumer, "Bestsellers: Color Symbolism and Mythology in
Margaret Mitchell’s Novel Gone with the Wind" (of "Bonnie Blue"), Americana:
The Institute for the Study of American Popular Culture, September 2006,
webpage: APC-Mitchell.
^ a b c "SparkNotes: Gone with the Wind: Themes, Motifs & Symbols" (book
notes), Spark Notes, 2006, webpage: SparkN-GWTW.
^ Jonathan D. Austin (February 4, 2000). "Pat Conroy: 'I was raised by
Scarlett O'Hara'". CNN.
http://archives.cnn.com/2000/books/news/02/04/pat.conroy/.
^ Kate Deller-Evans (July 18, 2008). "Book Review - The Winds of Tara,
Katherine Pinotti". Fairfax.
http://www.independentweekly.com.au/news/local/news/entertainment/book-review-the-winds-of-tara-katherine-pinotti/967723.aspx.
^ Rich, Motoko (16 May 2007). "Rhett, Scarlett and Friends Prepare for Yet
Another Encore". New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/16/books/16book.html?8dpc. Retrieved
2007-11-07.
^ "Gone with the Wind show to close". BBC News. 2008-06-01.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7430135.stm. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
^ Time.com/
[edit] External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Gone with the Wind
The story behind Gone with the Wind as told by the Margaret Mitchell House and
Museum
Photos of the first edition of Gone With the Wind
Free public domain eBook for people who live in Australia
The Scarlett Letter, a quarterly publication devoted to the GWTW phenomenon
Gone With the Wind Books, a website detailing the printing history of the GWTW
book
Gone With the Wind online exhibition at the Harry Ransom Center at the
University of Texas at Austin
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Honey in the Horn
by Harold L. DavisPulitzer Prize for the Novel
1937Succeeded by
The Late George Apley
by John Phillips Marquand
[hide]v • d • eGone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell
CharactersScarlett O'Hara · Rhett Butler · Ashley Wilkes ·
Melanie Hamilton · India Wilkes · Others
AdaptationsFilm · Harold Rome Musical · Margaret Martin Musical
Related WorksScarlett · Rhett Butler's People · The Wind Done Gone
· The Winds of Tara
Related TopicsAmerican Civil War · Confederate States of America ·
Antebellum · Reconstruction
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