DOM
什么是 DOM?
DOM 是一项 W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) 标准。
DOM 定义了访问文档的标准:
“W3C 文档对象模型(DOM)是中立于平台和语言的接口,它允许程序和脚本动态地访问、更新文档的内容、结构和样式。”
W3C DOM 标准被分为 3 个不同的部分:
- Core DOM - 所有文档类型的标准模型
- XML DOM - XML 文档的标准模型
- HTML DOM - HTML 文档的标准模型
HTML DOM(文档对象模型)
当网页被加载时,浏览器会创建页面的文档对象模型(Document Object Model)。
HTML DOM 模型被结构化为对象树:
对象的 HTML DOM 树
通过这个对象模型,JavaScript 获得创建动态 HTML 的所有力量:
- JavaScript 能改变页面中的所有 HTML 元素
- JavaScript 能改变页面中的所有 HTML 属性
- JavaScript 能改变页面中的所有 CSS 样式
- JavaScript 能删除已有的 HTML 元素和属性
- JavaScript 能添加新的 HTML 元素和属性
- JavaScript 能对页面中所有已有的 HTML 事件作出反应
- JavaScript 能在页面中创建新的 HTML 事件
查找 HTML 元素
方法 | 描述 |
---|---|
document.getElementById(id) | 通过元素 id 来查找元素 |
document.getElementsByTagName(name) | 通过标签名来查找元素 |
document.getElementsByClassName(name) | 通过类名来查找元素 |
通过元素 id 来查找元素
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div id = "a"></div>
<script>
const div = document.getElementById("a");
console.log(div);
</script>
</body>
</html>
通过标签名来查找元素
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div></div>
<script>
const div = document.getElementsByTagName("div");
console.log(div);
</script>
</body>
</html>
通过类名来查找元素
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div class = "b"></div>
<script>
const div = document.getElementsByClassName("b");
console.log(div);
</script>
</body>
</html>
通过name属性获取 表单常用
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<input type="text" name="xuehao">
<input type="password" name="xuehao">
<script>
//通过name属性获取 表单常用
const inp = document.getElementsByName("xuehao");
console.log(inp);
</script>
</body>
</html>
通过多种方式进行获取
querySelector
获取页面里面第一次出现的元素 只获取一个
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div id="a"></div>
<div></div>
<div class="b"></div>
<script>
const div = document.querySelector("div");
console.log(div);
</script>
</body>
</html>
通过类名获取
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div id="a"></div>
<div></div>
<div class="b"></div>
<script>
//通过类名获取
const div = document.querySelector(".b");
console.log(div);
</script>
</body>
</html>
通过id名获取
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div id="a"></div>
<div></div>
<div class="b"></div>
<script>
//通过id名获取
const div = document.querySelector("#a");
console.log(div);
</script>
</body>
</html>
通过属性获取
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<input type="text" name="xuehao">
<input type="password" name="xuehao">
<script>
//通过属性获取
const inp = document.querySelector("[type=password]");
console.log(inp);
</script>
</body>
</html>
querySelectorAll
获取所有
注意:当使用querySelectorAll
时,可以根据下标来指定html元素,例如console.log(div[0])
在下面例子中控制台只输出第一个div元素
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div id="a"></div>
<div></div>
<div class="b"></div>
<script>
//querySelectorAll获取所有
const div = document.querySelectorAll("div");
console.log(div);
</script>
</body>
</html>
支持复合选择器
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<ol class="bbb">
<li>有序数列</li>
<li>有序数列</li>
<li>有序数列</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>无序数列</li>
<li>无序数列</li>
<li>无序数列</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>有序数列</li>
<li>有序数列</li>
<li>有序数列</li>
</ol>
<script>
//支持复合选择器
const uls = document.querySelectorAll("ul>li");//获取ul下面的li标签
console.log(uls);
const ol = document.querySelectorAll("ul+ol");//+渲染下一个(ul相邻的下一个ol)
console.log(ol);
</script>
</body>
</html>
事件
事件三要素
1、事件源(哪个元素触发了事件)
2、事件类型(通过点击触发、悬浮触发、移动触发、获取焦点触发等)
3、事件处理函数(触发事件要做什么)
示例
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<button>秋名山车神</button>
<script>
//获取事件源
const but = document.querySelector("button");
//绑定事件
but.onclick = function(){
alert("五菱宏光");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
innerHTML
和innerText
innerHTML
可以识别html标签
innerText
不能识别html标签
示例
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div id="a" style="height: 200px; width: 400px; background-color: paleturquoise;"></div>
<script>
const div = document.querySelector("div");
console.dir(div);//console.dir()打印元素对象的完整格式
div.onclick = function () {
// div.innerHTML = "<strong>JavaScript</strong>";//<strong>字体加粗标签
div.innerText = "<strong>JavaScript</strong>";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
练习-1-获取当前时间
示例
可以使用封装的函数toLocaleString()
,也可以自定义函数。
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>获取当前时间</title>
</head>
<body>
<button>点击获取时间</button>
<div></div>
<script>
var btn = document.querySelector("button");
var div = document.querySelector("div");
btn.onclick = function () {
// div.innerHTML = getDate();
const date = new Date();
div.innerHTML = date.toLocaleString();
}
function getDate() {
var date = new Date;
console.log(date);
var b = date.getHours();
var c = date.getMinutes();
var d = date.getSeconds();
return b + ":" + c + ":" + d;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
练习-2-修改表单内元素
示例
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>js修改表单内的元素</title>
</head>
<body>
<button>修改</button>
<input type="text" placeholder="请输入值">
<script>
var btn = document.querySelector("button");
var inp = document.querySelector("input");
btn.onclick = function () {
inp.value = "甲柒";
btn.disabled = true;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
练习-3-操做元素修改样式属性
示例
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>操做元素修改样式属性</title>
<style>
#aaa {
width: 200px;
height: 120px;
background-color: pink;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="aaa">甲柒</div>
<script>
var a = document.querySelector("div");
a.onclick = function () {
a.style.backgroundColor = "yellowgreen";
// this.style.backgroundColor = "skyblue";
this.style.fontSize = "40px";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
练习-4-src属性
示例
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
div {
text-align: center;
}
img {
width: 400px;
height: 400px;
}
button {
font-size: 17px;
border-radius: 15px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<button>上一页</button>
<img src="./avatar/0001.jpg">
<button>下一页</button>
</div>
<script>
//拿到img
const img = document.querySelector("img");
// 拿到 button
const buts = document.querySelectorAll("button");
//数组路径
const srcs = ["./avatar/0001.jpg", "./avatar/0002.jpg", "./avatar/0003.jpg", "./avatar/0004.jpg", "./avatar/0005.jpg", "./avatar/0006.jpg"]
let index = 0;
buts[0].disabled = true;
buts[0].onclick = function () {
buts[1].disabled = false;
index--;
if (index == 0) {
this.disabled = true;
img.src = srcs[index];
} else {
img.src = srcs[index];
}
}
buts[1].onclick = function () {
buts[0].disabled = false;
index++;
if (index == 5) {
this.disabled = true;
img.src = srcs[index];
} else {
img.src = srcs[index];
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
练习-5-模拟关闭广告
示例
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="max">
<div class="min">*</div>
<img src="../甲柒/avatar/0003.jpg" class="img" style="width: 80px;height: 200px;">
</div>
<script>
var min = document.querySelector(".min");
var img = document.querySelector(".img");
min.onclick = function () {
img.style.display = 'none';
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Bootstrap
Bootstrap文档
https://v5.bootcss.com/docs/getting-started/download/
Bootstrap的使用
示例-轮播图
-
下载Bootstrap的生产文件
-
解压到项目的静态资源中
-
引用css和js文件
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./bootstrap-5.3.0-alpha1-dist/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<script src="./bootstrap-5.3.0-alpha1-dist/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
-
复制你所需要的代码
-
将代码稍作修改
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./bootstrap-5.3.0-alpha1-dist/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<script src="./bootstrap-5.3.0-alpha1-dist/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<style>
.carousel{
width: 400px;
height: 400px;
margin: 0 auto;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="carouselExampleInterval" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="carousel">
<div class="carousel-inner">
<div class="carousel-item active" data-bs-interval="10000">
<img src="../甲柒/avatar/0001.jpg" class="d-block w-100" alt="...">
</div>
<div class="carousel-item" data-bs-interval="2000">
<img src="../甲柒/avatar/0002.jpg" class="d-block w-100" alt="...">
</div>
<div class="carousel-item">
<img src="../甲柒/avatar/0003.jpg" class="d-block w-100" alt="...">
</div>
</div>
<button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExampleInterval"
data-bs-slide="prev">
<span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span>
</button>
<button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExampleInterval"
data-bs-slide="next">
<span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="visually-hidden">Next</span>
</button>
</div>
</body>
</html>
练习-6-密码长度验证
示例
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
.red {
color: red;
}
.green {
color: green;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<input type="password"><span></span>
<script>
//获取元素
var inp = document.querySelector("input");
var span = document.querySelector("span");
//失去焦点时检查账号的字符长度是否在6-10
inp.onblur = function () {
if (this.value.length >= 6 && this.value.length <= 10) {
span.style.color = "green";
span.innerHTML = "✔";
} else {
span.style.color = "red";
span.innerHTML = "✘";
}
}
inp.onfocus = function () {
span.innerHTML = "";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
onblur 事件发生在对象失去焦点时。
onfocus 事件在元素获得焦点时发生。
练习-7-排他思想
示例
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<button>按钮1</button>
<button>按钮2</button>
<button>按钮3</button>
<button>按钮4</button>
<script>
// 获取所有button
var btn = document.querySelectorAll("button");
for (let i = 0; i < btn.length; i++) {
btn[i].onclick = function () {
for (let j = 0; j < btn.length; j++) {
btn[j].style.backgroundColor = "";//先设置所有按钮的背景颜色为空字符串
}
btn[i].style.backgroundColor = "skyblue";//设置点击中的按钮的背景颜色
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
练习-8-切换皮肤
示例
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>切换皮肤</title>
<style>
.max {
width: 1200px;
height: 800px;
margin: 0 auto;
background-image: url(./image/1.jpg);
background-size: 1200px 800px;
position: relative;
transition: all 0.7s;
}
img {
width: 120px;
height: 80px;
margin-left: 4px;
}
.min {
width: 520px;
height: 80px;
position: absolute;
/* border: 2px solid yellowgreen; */
bottom: 50px;
right: 50px;
}
.big {
transform: scale(1.1);
transition: all 0.4s;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="max">
<div class="min">
<img src="./image/1.jpg" alt="" class="big">
<img src="./image/2.jpg" alt="">
<img src="./image/3.jpg" alt="">
<img src="./image/4.jpg" alt="">
</div>
</div>
<script>
var imgs = document.querySelectorAll("img");
var max = document.querySelector(".max");
for (let i = 0; i < imgs.length; i++) {
imgs[i].onclick = function () {
max.style.backgroundImage = "url(" + this.src + ")";
//清除class
for (let j = 0; j < imgs.length; j++) {
imgs[j].className = "";
}
this.className = "big";
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
练习-9-随机生成颜色
示例
代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
.max {
width: 400px;
height: 400px;
border: 4px solid skyblue;
transition: all 0.7s;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="max"></div>
<script>
var col = document.querySelector(".max");
col.onclick = function () {
var r = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
var g = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
var b = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
var rgb = "rgb(" + r + "," + g + "," + b + ")";
this.style.backgroundColor = rgb;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>