docker的基本用法
OCI&OCF
OCI
开发容器倡议
- 由Linux基金会主导于2015年6月创立
- 旨在围绕容器格式和运行时制定一个开放的工业化标准
- 包含两个规格
- 运行时规范（runtime-spec）
- 镜像规范（image-spec）
OCF
开放式容器格式
runC 是一个 CLI 工具，用于根据 OCI 规范生成和运行容器
- 容器作为 runC 的子进程启动，可以嵌入到各种其他系统中，而无需运行守护进程
- runC 建立在 libcontainer 之上，同样的容器技术为数百万的 Docker 引擎安装提供动力
docker提供了一个专门容纳容器镜像的站点
docker架构
docker镜像与镜像仓库
为什么镜像仓库名字是Registry而不是repository？在docker中仓库的名字是以应用的名称取名的。
镜像是静态的，而容器是动态的，容器有其生命周期，镜像与容器的关系类似于程序与进程的关系。镜像类似于文件系统中的程序文件，而容器则类似于将一个程序运行起来的状态，也即进程。所以容器是可以删除的，容器被删除后其镜像是不会被删除的。
docker对象
当您使用 docker 时，您正在创建和使用镜像、容器、网络、卷、插件和其他对象。
- 镜像
- 镜像是一个只读模板，其中包含创建 docker 容器的说明。
- 通常，一个镜像基于另一个镜像，并带有一些额外的自定义。
- 您可以创建自己的映像，也可以仅使用其他人创建并在注册表中发布的映像。
- 容器
- 容器是镜像的可运行实例。
- 您可以使用 docker API 或 CLI 创建、运行、停止、移动或删除容器。
- 您可以将容器连接到一个或多个网络，为其附加存储，甚至可以根据其当前状态创建新映像。
安装及使用docker
docker安装
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# curl -o docker-ce.repo https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 1919 100 1919 0 0 186 0 0:00:10 0:00:10 --:--:-- 266
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Stream-AppStream.repo CentOS-Stream-Extras.repo CentOS-Stream-PowerTools.repo
CentOS-Stream-BaseOS.repo CentOS-Stream-HighAvailability.repo CentOS-Stream-RealTime.repo
CentOS-Stream-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Stream-Media.repo docker-ce.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's@https://download.docker.com@https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce@g' docker-ce.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum -y install docker-ce
Docker CE Stable - x86_64 2.0 kB/s | 19 kB 00:09
依赖关系解决。
docker加速
docker-ce的配置文件是/etc/docker/daemon.json，此文件默认不存在，需要我们手动创建并进行配置，而docker的加速就是通过配置此文件来实现的。
docker的加速有多种方式：
- docker cn
- 中国科技大学加速器
- 阿里云加速器（需要通过阿里云开发者平台注册帐号，免费使用个人私有的加速器）
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cd /etc/docker/
[root@localhost docker]# ls
key.json
[root@localhost docker]# vi daemon.json
{
"registry-mirrors": ["https://uemehekj.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
[root@localhost docker]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@localhost docker]# systemctl restart docker
docker常用操作
| 命令 | 功能 |
|---|---|
| docker search | Search the Docker Hub for images |
| docker pull | Pull an image or a repository from a registry |
| docker images | List images |
| docker create | Create a new conntainer |
| docker start | Start one or more stopped containers |
| docker run | Run a command in a new container |
| docker attach | Attach to a runninng container |
| docker ps | List containers |
| docker logs | Fetch the logs of a container |
| docker restart | Restart a container |
| docker stop | Stop one or more running containers |
| docker kill | Kill one or more running containers |
| docker rm | Remove onne or more containers |
| docker exec | Run a command in a running container |
| docker info | Display system-wide information |
| docker inspect | Return low-level information on Docker objects |
//docker search
[root@localhost docker]# docker search hello-world
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
hello-world Hello World! (an example of minimal Dockeriz… 1589 [OK]
kitematic/hello-world-nginx A light-weight nginx container that demonstr… 150
tutum/hello-world Image to test docker deployments. Has Apache… 87 [OK]
dockercloud/hello-world Hello World! 19 [OK]
crccheck/hello-world Hello World web server in under 2.5 MB 15 [OK]
vad1mo/hello-world-rest A simple REST Service that echoes back all t… 5 [OK]
arm32v7/hello-world Hello World! (an example of minimal Dockeriz… 3
ppc64le/hello-world Hello World! (an example of minimal Dockeriz… 2
datawire/hello-world Hello World! Simple Hello World implementati… 1 [OK]
infrastructureascode/hello-world A tiny "Hello World" web server with a healt… 1 [OK]
thomaspoignant/hello-world-rest-json This project is a REST hello-world API to bu… 1
ansibleplaybookbundle/hello-world-db-apb An APB which deploys a sample Hello World! a… 1 [OK]
ansibleplaybookbundle/hello-world-apb An APB which deploys a sample Hello World! a… 1 [OK]
souravpatnaik/hello-world-go hello-world in Golang 1
markmnei/hello-world-java-docker Hello-World-Java-docker 1 [OK]
strimzi/hello-world-consumer 0
strimzi/hello-world-streams 0
koudaiii/hello-world 0
businessgeeks00/hello-world-nodejs 0
burdz/hello-world-k8s To provide a simple webserver that can have … 0 [OK]
nirmata/hello-world 0 [OK]
strimzi/hello-world-producer 0
freddiedevops/hello-world-spring-boot 0
garystafford/hello-world Simple hello-world Spring Boot service for t… 0 [OK]
wxia6256/hello-world hello-world 0
//docker pull
[root@localhost docker]# docker pull hello-world
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
2db29710123e: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:cc15c5b292d8525effc0f89cb299f1804f3a725c8d05e158653a563f15e4f685
Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest
docker.io/library/hello-world:latest
//docker images
[root@localhost docker]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
hello-world latest feb5d9fea6a5 2 months ago 13.3kB
//docker create
[root@localhost docker]# docker create busybox
208cd2d82d54484552eba62eea24a3e2a9e8a54e1812b73fc615e17b2509f42d
//docker start
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
ab5c34fe0091 hello-world "/hello" 3 minutes ago Exited (0) About a minute ago peaceful_heisenberg
208cd2d82d54 busybox "sh" 7 minutes ago Created nice_johnson
2130b9be0781 hello-world "/hello" 42 minutes ago Exited (0) 5 minutes ago 01
[root@localhost docker]# docker start -a ab5c34fe0091
//docker run
[root@localhost docker]# docker run -d nginx
79fa056c53acf7ec7ad65e15305cce31bae34a7a8436935702e5857e18f82cb5
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
79fa056c53ac nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 8 seconds ago Up 6 seconds 80/tcp wizardly_rosalind
//docker attach
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c21a83991531 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 7 seconds ago Up 6 seconds 80/tcp sharp_rosalind
[root@localhost docker]# docker attach c21a83991531
^C2021/12/01 03:59:27 [notice] 1#1: signal 2 (SIGINT) received, exiting
2021/12/01 03:59:27 [notice] 31#31: exiting
2021/12/01 03:59:27 [notice] 31#31: exit
2021/12/01 03:59:27 [notice] 1#1: signal 17 (SIGCHLD) received from 31
2021/12/01 03:59:27 [notice] 1#1: worker process 31 exited with code 0
2021/12/01 03:59:27 [notice] 1#1: exit
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c21a83991531 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 2 minutes ago Exited (0) About a minute ago sharp_rosalind
79fa056c53ac nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 5 minutes ago Exited (0) 3 minutes ago wizardly_rosalind
//docker ps
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
208cd2d82d54 busybox "sh" About a minute ago Created nice_johnson
2130b9be0781 hello-world "/hello" 37 minutes ago Exited (0) 36 minutes ago 01
//docker logs
[root@localhost docker]# docker logs 79fa056c53ac
/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Getting the checksum of /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Enabled listen on IPv6 in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/30-tune-worker-processes.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
2021/12/01 03:55:26 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method
2021/12/01 03:55:26 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.21.4
2021/12/01 03:55:26 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 10.2.1 20210110 (Debian 10.2.1-6)
2021/12/01 03:55:26 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 4.18.0-257.el8.x86_64
2021/12/01 03:55:26 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1048576:1048576
2021/12/01 03:55:26 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes
2021/12/01 03:55:26 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 31
//docker restart
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
79fa056c53ac nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" About a minute ago Up About a minute 80/tcp wizardly_rosalind
[root@localhost docker]# docker restart 79fa056c53ac
79fa056c53ac
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
79fa056c53ac nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" About a minute ago Up 3 seconds 80/tcp wizardly_rosalind
//docker stop
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
79fa056c53ac nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" About a minute ago Up 3 seconds 80/tcp wizardly_rosalind
[root@localhost docker]# docker stop 79fa056c53ac
79fa056c53ac
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
//docker kill
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c21a83991531 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 5 minutes ago Up About a minute 80/tcp sharp_rosalind
[root@localhost docker]# docker kill c21a83991531
c21a83991531
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
//docker rm
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
2130b9be0781 hello-world "/hello" 53 minutes ago Exited (0) 16 minutes ago 01
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm 2130b9be0781
2130b9be0781
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
//docker exec
[root@localhost docker]# docker exec -it c21a83991531 /bin/bash
root@c21a83991531:/#
root@c21a83991531:/#
root@c21a83991531:/# ls
bin dev docker-entrypoint.sh home lib64 mnt proc run srv tmp var
boot docker-entrypoint.d etc lib media opt root sbin sys usr
root@c21a83991531:/# exit
exit
[root@localhost docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c21a83991531 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 5 minutes ago Up About a minute 80/tcp sharp_rosalind
//docker info
[root@localhost ~]# docker info
Client:
Context: default
Debug Mode: false
Plugins:
app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
buildx: Build with BuildKit (Docker Inc., v0.6.3-docker)
scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.9.0)
Server:
Containers: 0
Running: 0
Paused: 0
Stopped: 0
Images: 3
Server Version: 20.10.11
Storage Driver: overlay2
Backing Filesystem: xfs
Supports d_type: true
Native Overlay Diff: true
userxattr: false
Logging Driver: json-file
Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
Cgroup Version: 1
Plugins:
Volume: local
Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
Swarm: inactive
Runtimes: io.containerd.runc.v2 io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux runc
Default Runtime: runc
Init Binary: docker-init
containerd version: 7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d
runc version: v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2
init version: de40ad0
Security Options:
seccomp
Profile: default
Kernel Version: 4.18.0-257.el8.x86_64
Operating System: CentOS Stream 8
OSType: linux
Architecture: x86_64
CPUs: 1
Total Memory: 1.748GiB
Name: localhost.localdomain
ID: FBFL:IIU6:3XZB:2IJX:2HVB:O4U6:RP6T:JPIE:CCF6:LB4B:GCWL:XAVP
Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
Debug Mode: false
Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
Labels:
Experimental: false
Insecure Registries:
127.0.0.0/8
Registry Mirrors:
https://uemehekj.mirror.aliyuncs.com/
Live Restore Enabled: false
//docker inspect
[root@localhost docker]# docker inspect nginx
[
{
"Id": "sha256:ea335eea17ab984571cd4a3bcf90a0413773b559c75ef4cda07d0ce952b00291",
"RepoTags": [
"nginx:latest"
],
"RepoDigests": [
"nginx@sha256:097c3a0913d7e3a5b01b6c685a60c03632fc7a2b50bc8e35bcaa3691d788226e"
],
"Parent": "",
"Comment": "",
"Created": "2021-11-17T10:38:14.652464384Z",
"Container": "8a038ff17987cf87d4b7d7e2c80cb83bd2474d66e2dd0719e2b4f7de2ad6d853",
"ContainerConfig": {
"Hostname": "8a038ff17987",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": false,
"AttachStderr": false,
"ExposedPorts": {
"80/tcp": {}
},
"Tty": false,
"OpenStdin": false,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
"NGINX_VERSION=1.21.4",
"NJS_VERSION=0.7.0",
"PKG_RELEASE=1~bullseye"
],
"Cmd": [
"/bin/sh",
"-c",
"#(nop) ",
"CMD [\"nginx\" \"-g\" \"daemon off;\"]"
],
"Image": "sha256:2fb4060b053a39040c51ff7eadd30325de2c76650fc50aa42839070e16e8bdcb",
"Volumes": null,
"WorkingDir": "",
"Entrypoint": [
"/docker-entrypoint.sh"
],
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {
"maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
},
"StopSignal": "SIGQUIT"
},
"DockerVersion": "20.10.7",
"Author": "",
"Config": {
"Hostname": "",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": false,
"AttachStderr": false,
"ExposedPorts": {
"80/tcp": {}
},
"Tty": false,
"OpenStdin": false,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
"NGINX_VERSION=1.21.4",
"NJS_VERSION=0.7.0",
"PKG_RELEASE=1~bullseye"
],
"Cmd": [
"nginx",
"-g",
"daemon off;"
],
"Image": "sha256:2fb4060b053a39040c51ff7eadd30325de2c76650fc50aa42839070e16e8bdcb",
"Volumes": null,
"WorkingDir": "",
"Entrypoint": [
"/docker-entrypoint.sh"
],
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {
"maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
},
"StopSignal": "SIGQUIT"
},
"Architecture": "amd64",
"Os": "linux",
"Size": 141490847,
"VirtualSize": 141490847,
"GraphDriver": {
"Data": {
"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/bee0eca4b2336e26fe70c381b03f63d121c93a406e07bda80249d42ad8455449/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/d6d7708e96398b6ccff1f73f0caee0467ba100526854df0cae71e7f94494b7bf/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/84b4a0f032997a281911dbb9b062be2d4b36eb3fb3a1e37dc2ab8e2349dd0e25/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/4363c7b05cd54e2d37d8f3f474fbb8bbb11e62dbc276d81135c81d158bdcec8f/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/2278bed5787b931b3fadfc705d2db17f59b75a224389e3d5f4506dcf93f54651/diff",
"MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/012c8f89d4f0bf77bf1d6cb6c62bf24a3d126810ba92cffd81d2e8de6a9544b8/merged",
"UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/012c8f89d4f0bf77bf1d6cb6c62bf24a3d126810ba92cffd81d2e8de6a9544b8/diff",
"WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/012c8f89d4f0bf77bf1d6cb6c62bf24a3d126810ba92cffd81d2e8de6a9544b8/work"
},
"Name": "overlay2"
},
"RootFS": {
"Type": "layers",
"Layers": [
"sha256:e1bbcf243d0e7387fbfe5116a485426f90d3ddeb0b1738dca4e3502b6743b325",
"sha256:37380c5830feb5d6829188be41a4ea0654eb5c4632f03ef093ecc182acf40e8a",
"sha256:ff4c727794302b5a0ee4dadfaac8d1233950ce9a07d76eb3b498efa70b7517e4",
"sha256:49eeddd2150fbd14433ec1f01dbf6b23ea6cf581a50635554826ad93ce040b68",
"sha256:1e8ad06c81b6baf629988756d90fd27c14285da4d9bf57179570febddc492087",
"sha256:8525cde30b227bb5b03deb41bda41deb85d740b834be61a69ead59d840f07c13"
]
},
"Metadata": {
"LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
}
}
]
docker event state
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