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1、创建数据库
create database database-namek
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2、说明:删除数据库
drop database dbname
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3、备份sql server
—创建 备份数据的 device
USE master
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack',
'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'
— 开始 备份
backup database pubs to testBack
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4、创建新表
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
根据已有的表创建新表:
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表)
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only
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5、删除新表
drop table tabname
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6、增加一个列
Alter table tabname add column col type
== 注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。==
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7、添加、删除主键
添加主键:
Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
删除主键:
Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
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8、创建索引
语法:
CREATE INDEX idxname ON tab(col….)
删除索引:
drop index idxname
== 注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。==
CREATE INDEX index_name ON table (column_name);
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (col_list);
// 该语句添加一个主键,这意味着索引值必须是唯一的,且不能为NULL。
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD UNIQUE index_name (col_list);
// 这条语句创建索引的值必须是唯一的。
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD INDEX index_name (col_list);
// 添加普通索引,索引值可出现多次。
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9、创建视图
语法:
create view viewname as select statement
删除视图:
drop view viewname
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10、几个简单的基本的sql语句
选择:select * from table1 where 范围
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
删除:delete from table1 where 范围
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ —like的语法很精妙,查资料!
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]
总数:select count as totalcount from table1
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词
A: UNION 运算符
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。
当 ALL 随 UNION一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。
B: EXCEPT 运算符
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。
C: INTERSECT 运算符
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。
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12、使用外连接
A、left (outer) join:
左连接:结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
B:right (outer) join:
右连接:结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。
C:full/cross (outer) join:
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。
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13、分组:Group by:
一张表,一旦分组 完成后,查询后只能得到组相关的信息。
组相关的信息:(统计信息) count,sum,max,min,avg 分组的标准)
在SQLServer中分组时:不能以text,ntext,image类型的字段作为分组依据
在selecte统计函数中的字段,不能和普通的字段放在一起;
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14、对数据库进行操作:
分离数据库: sp_detach_db; 附加数据库:sp_attach_db 后接表明,附加需要完整的路径名
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15.如何修改数据库的名称
sp_renamedb 'old_name', 'new_name'
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常用sql-脚本
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二、提高篇
1、复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
方法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1(仅用于SQlServer)
方法二:select top 0 * into b from a
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2、拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;
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3、跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where..
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4、子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b )
或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)
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5、显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
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6、外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
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7、在线视图查询(表名1:a )
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;
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8、between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2
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9、in 的使用方法
select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)
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10、两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )
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11、四表联查问题
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....
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12、日程安排提前五分钟提醒
select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5
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13、一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页
语法:
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段
关于数据库分页:
declare @start int,@end int
@sql nvarchar(600)
set @sql=’select top’+str(@end-@start+1)+’+from T where rid not in(select top’+str(@str-1)+’Rid from T where Rid>-1)’
exec sp_executesql @sql
注意:在top后不能直接跟一个变量,所以在实际应用中只有这样的进行特殊的处理。Rid为一个标识列,如果top后还有具体的字段,这样做是非常有好处的。因为这样可以避免 top的字段如果是逻辑索引的,查询的结果后实际表中的不一致(逻辑索引中的数据有可能和数据表中的不一致,而查询时如果处在索引则首先查询索引)
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14、前10条记录
语法:
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围
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15、选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
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16、包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)
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17、随机取出10条数据
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
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18、说明:随机选择记录
select newid()
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19、删除重复记录
1),delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)
2),select distinct * into temp from tablename
delete from tablename insert into tablename select * from temp
== 评价: 这种操作牵连大量的数据的移动,这种做法不适合大容量但数据操作 ==
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3),例如:在一个外部表中导入数据,由于某些原因第一次只导入了一部分,但很难判断具体位置,这样只有在下一次全部导入,这样也就产生好多重复的字段,怎样删除重复字段
alter table tablename
–添加一个自增列
add column_b int identity(1,1)
delete from tablename where column_b not in(
select max(column_b) from tablename group by column1,column2,...)
alter table tablename drop column column_b
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20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名
select name from sysobjects where type='U' // U代表用户
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21、说明:列出表里的所有的列名
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')
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22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。
select type,
sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),
sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),
sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end)
FROM tablename group by type
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23、初始化表table1
TRUNCATE TABLE table1
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24、选择从10到15的记录
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc
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在SQL查询中:from后最多可以跟多少张表或视图:256
在SQL语句中出现 Order by,查询时,先排序,后取
在SQL中,一个字段的最大容量是8000,而对于nvarchar(4000),由于nvarchar是Unicode码
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