使用Django框架表单

使用Django框架表单

1.使用Form类构建表单

【创建项目和应用】

PS C:\Users\ls> cd E:\Python\
PS E:\Python> django-admin.exe startproject FormSite
PS E:\Python> cd .\FormSite\
PS E:\Python\FormSite> django-admin.exe startapp formapp
PS E:\Python\FormSite> 

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/forms.py】

from django import forms

# Form Class : UserInfoForm
class UserInfoForm(forms.Form):
    username = forms.CharField(label='Your name', max_length=32)
    dep = forms.CharField(label='Your department', max_length=32)
    email = forms.EmailField(label='Your email', max_length=64)

【代码分析】

通过CharField字段类型定义了一个表单字段username,对应于HTML表单form标签中的“用户名”文本输入框。

通过CharField字段类型定义了一个表单字段dep,对应于HTML表单form标签中的“部门”文本输入框。

通过EmailField字段类型定义了一个表单字段email,对应于HTML表单form标签中的“电子邮件”文本输入框。

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/views.py】

from django.shortcuts import render

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("This is formapp homepage.")

# class : UserInfoForm
from .forms import UserInfoForm
# 创建表单视图
def userinfo(request):
    # 如果这是一个post请求,那么我们需要处理表单数据
    if request.method == 'POST':
        # 创建一个表单实例并用请求中的数据填充
        form = UserInfoForm(request.POST)
        # 检查表单是否有效
        if form.is_valid():
            # 按照要求处理表单中的数据
            context = {}
            context['uname'] = request.POST['username']
            context['udep'] = form.cleaned_data['dep']
            context['uemail'] = request.POST['email']
            # 重定向到一个新的URL
            return render(request, 'show_info.html', {'userinfo': context})
            # return HttpResponseRedirect("#")

    # 如果是GET(或其他任何方法),我们将创建一个空白表单
    else:
        form = UserInfoForm()
    # 在HTML模板中渲染表单
    return render(request, 'userinfo.html', {'form': form})

【代码分析】

通过if条件语句判断HTTP请求方法,如果为POST方法,则继续执行后面代码去接受用户提交的数据;如果为GET方法,则直接跳转到else,执行return,返回空的表单实例(form),让用户去录入数据再进行提交。

先通过request获取表单数据,再通过UserInfoForm表单类创建表单实例form。

通过if条件语句对表单实例form进行验证,如果所有的表单字段均有效,则继续执行下面的代码。

通过request获取表单字段数据,并保存在上下文变量context中。

将上下文变量context保存为字典类型变量userinfo,通过render()方法传递表单数据userinfo到新的页面中进行显示。

将表单实例form渲染到表单模板userinfo.html中。

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/templates/userinfo.html】

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/mystyle.css"/>
    <title>Userinfo Form</title>
</head>
<body>

<h3>Userinfo Form</h3>

<form action="#" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    {% for f in form %}
        {{ f.label }}:&nbsp;&nbsp;{{ f }}<br><br>
    {% endfor %}
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" /><br>
</form>

</body>
</html>

【代码分析】

通过{% csrf_token %}模板标签为表单增加防护功能。django框架自带一个简单易用的“跨站请求伪造防护”,当通过POST方法提交了一个启用CSRF防护的表单时,必须在表单中使用模板标签csrf_token。

通过{% for-endfor %}模板标签遍历表单实例form的每一项,并在页面模板中显示。

定义了表单提交按钮

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/templates/show_info.html】

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/mystyle.css"/>
    <title>Show Userinfo</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
    userinfo (total):<br>
    {{ userinfo }}<br>
</p>
<p>
    userinfo (items):<br>
    {% for key,value in userinfo.items %}
        {{ key }}&nbsp;:&nbsp;{{ value }}<br>
    {% endfor %}
</p>
</body>
</html>

【代码分析】

直接通过字典类型的上下文变量userinfo在页面模板中输出表单提交的数据信息。

通过{% for-endfor %}模板标签遍历字典类型的上下文变量userinfo中的每一项,并依次在页面模板中进行显示。

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/urls.py】

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index, name='index'),
    path('userinfo/', views.userinfo, name='userinfo'),
]

文件路径【FormSite/FormSite/urls.py】

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path


urlpatterns = [
    path('formapp/', include('formapp.urls')),
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]

文件路径【FormSite/FormSite/settings.py】

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'formapp.apps.FormappConfig',
]

【测试表单应用】
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2.表单字段与Widget控件

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/forms.py】

from django import forms

# Form Class : UserInfoForm
class UserInfoForm(forms.Form):
    username = forms.CharField(label='Your name', max_length=32)
    dep = forms.CharField(label='Your department', max_length=32)
    email = forms.EmailField(label='Your email', max_length=64)

# Form Class : ContactForm
class ContactForm(forms.Form):
    subject = forms.CharField(label='Subject', max_length=64)
    message = forms.CharField(label='Message', widget=forms.Textarea)
    sender = forms.EmailField(label='Sender', max_length=64)
    cc_myself = forms.BooleanField(required=False)

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/views.py】

from django.shortcuts import render

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("This is formapp homepage.")

# class : UserInfoForm
from .forms import UserInfoForm
# Create form view
def userinfo(request):
    # if this is a POST request we need to process the form data
    if request.method == 'POST':
        # create a form instance and populate it with data from the request:
        form = UserInfoForm(request.POST)
        # check whether it's valid:
        if form.is_valid():
            # process the data in form.cleaned_data as required
            context = {}
            context['uname'] = request.POST['username']
            context['udep'] = form.cleaned_data['dep']
            context['uemail'] = request.POST['email']
            # redirect to a new URL:
            return render(request, 'show_info.html', {'userinfo': context})
            # return HttpResponseRedirect("#")

    # if a GET (or any other method) we'll create a blank form
    else:
        form = UserInfoForm()
    # render form in HTML template
    return render(request, 'userinfo.html', {'form': form})

# class : ContactForm
from .forms import ContactForm
# Create form view
def contact(request):
    # if this is a POST request we need to process the form data
    if request.method == 'POST':
        # create a form instance and populate it with data from the request:
        form = ContactForm(request.POST)
        # check whether it's valid:
        if form.is_valid():
            # process the data in form.cleaned_data as required
            context = {}
            subject = form.cleaned_data['subject']
            message = form.cleaned_data['message']
            sender = form.cleaned_data['sender']
            cc_myself = form.cleaned_data['cc_myself']
            recipients = ['kingwjz@hotmail.com']
            if cc_myself:
                recipients.append(sender)
            # send_mail(subject, message, sender, recipients)
            context['subject'] = subject
            context['message'] = message
            context['sender'] = sender
            context['cc_myself'] = cc_myself
            # redirect to a new URL:
            return render(request, 'show_contact.html', {'contact': context})
            # return HttpResponseRedirect("#")
        else:
            print(form.errors)
            print(form.errors.as_json())

    # if a GET (or any other method) we'll create a blank form
    else:
        form = ContactForm()
    # render form in HTML template
    return render(request, 'contact.html', {'form': form})

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/templates/contact.html】

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/mystyle.css"/>
    <title>Contact Form</title>
</head>
<body>

<h3>Contact Form</h3>

<form action="#" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    {% for f in form %}
        {{ f.label }}:&nbsp;&nbsp;{{ f }}<br><br>
    {% endfor %}
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" /><br>
</form>

</body>
</html>

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/templates/show_contact.html】

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/mystyle.css"/>
    <title>Show Userinfo</title>
</head>
<body>

<h3>Contact Info</h3>
<p>
    contact (items):<br><br>
    {% for key,value in contact.items %}
        {{ key }}&nbsp;:&nbsp;{{ value }}<br><br>
    {% endfor %}
</p>

</body>
</html>

文件路径【FormSite/formapp/urls.py】

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index, name='index'),
    path('userinfo/', views.userinfo, name='userinfo'),
    path('contact/', views.contact, name='contact'),
]

【访问测试】
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