Linear subspace

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In mathematics, and more specifically in linear algebra, a linear subspace, also known as a vector subspace is a vector space that is a subset of some larger vector space. A linear subspace is usually simply called a subspace when the context serves to distinguish it from other types of subspaces.

1 Definition

If $V$ is a vector space over a field $K$ and if $W$ is a subset of $V$ , then $W$ is a linear subspace of $V$ if under the operations of $V$ , $W$ is a vector space over $K$ . Equivalently, a [nonempty( ) subset $W$ is a subspace of $V$ if, whenever $w 1, w 2$ are elements of $W$ and $\alpha, \beta$ are elements of $K$ , it follows that $\alpha w1 + \beta w2$ is in $W$ .

As a corollary, all vector space are equipped with at least two (possibly different) linear subspaces: the zero vector space consisting of the zero vector alone and the entire vector space itself. These are called the trivial subspaces of the vector space.

2 Examples

2.1 Example I

Let the field $K$ be the set $R$ of real numbers, and let the vector space $V$ be the real coordinate space $R^3$ . Take $W$ to be the set of all vectors in $V$ whose last component is $0$ . Then $W$ is a subspace of $V$ .

Proof:

Given $u$ and $v$ in $W$ , then they can be expressed as $u = (u 1, u 2, 0), v = (v 1, v 2, 0)$ , Then $u + v = (u 1 + v 1, u 2 + v 2, 0 + 0)$ , Thus, $u + v$ is an element of $W$ , too.
Given $u$ in $W$ and a scalar $c$ in $R$ , if $u = (u 1, u 2, 0)$ again, then $c u = (c u 1, c u 2, c 0) = (c u 1, c u 2, 0)$ . Thus, $c u$ is an element of $W$ too.

2.2 Example II

Let The field be $R$ again, but now let the vector space $V$ be the Cartesian plane $R^2$ . Take $W$ to be the set of points (x, y) of $R^2$ such that $x = y$ . Then $W$ is a subspace of $R^2$ .

Proof:

Let $p = (p 1, p 2)$ and $q = (q 1, q 2)$ be elements of $W$ , that is, points in the plane such that $p 1 = p 2, q 1 = q 2$ . Then $p + q = (p 1 + q 1, p 2 + q 2)$ ; since $p 1 = p 2, q 1 = q 2$ , then $p 1 + q 1 = p 2 + q 2$ , so $p + q$ in an element of $W$ .
Let $p = (p 1, p 2)$ be an element of $W$ , that is, a point in the plane such that $p 1 = p 2$ , and let $c$ be a scalar in $R$ . The $c p = (c p 1, c p 2);$ since $p 1 = p 2$ , then $c p 1 = c p 2$ , so $c p$ is an element of $W$ .

In general, any subset of the real coordinate space $R^n$ that is defined by a system of homogeneous linear equations will yield a subspace. (The equation in example I was $z = 0$ , and the equation in example II was $x = y$ )

2.3 Example III

Again take the field to be $R$ , but now let the vector space $V$ be the se $R^R$ of all functions from $R$ to $R$ . Let $C (R)$ be the subset consisting of continuous functions. Then $C (R)$ is a subspace of $R^R$ .

Proof:

We know from calculus that $\in C(R) \subset R^R$
We know from calculus that the sum of continuous functions is continuous.
Again, we know from calculus that the product of a continuous function and a number is continuous.

2.4 Example IV

Keep the same field and vector space as before, but now consider the set $D i ff (R)$ of all differentiable function. The same sort of argument as before shows that this is a subspace too.

Examples that extend these themes are common in functional analysis.