数据库学习3-增删改表中的数据、查询表中的字段


上一节 链接: 数据库学习2-操作表、修改列


一、DML:增删改表中的数据

在这里插入图片描述

mysql> show tables; -- 查看表
+------------------+
| Tables_in_abc001 |
+------------------+
| abc01            |
| abc02            |
+------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop table abc01;-- 删除abc01表;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table abc01(id int(99),name varchar(37),password varchar(77)); -- 创建表abc01
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc abc01; -- 查看表结构
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id       | int(99)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name     | varchar(37) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| password | varchar(77) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table abc01 add chuan varchar(99); -- 在表中添加一列
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

1.添加数据:

  • 语法:
insert into 表名(列名1,列名2...列名n) values(1,值2...值n)
  • 注意:

1.列名和值要一一对应。
2.如果表名后,不定义列名,则默认给所有列添加值。

insert into 表名 values(1,值2...值n);
mysql> create table abc003(id int,name varchar(37),age int); -- 创建表
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_abc001 |
+------------------+
| ab001            |
| abc003           |
| abc004           |
+------------------+
mysql> desc abc003;  -- 查询表结构
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(37) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into abc003 values(1,'cai',18),(2,'chuan',20),(3,'qi',30);  -- 增加列
mysql> select * from abc003;  -- 查询列
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    1 | l     |   18 |
|    2 | c     |   20 |
|    3 | y     |   30 |
+------+-------+------+
mysql> insert  into abc01 (id,name,password) values(2,"abc","12345");-- insert into 表名(列名1,列名2) values (值1,值2)  这里的列名可以不加,如果不加的话,后面的值就需要匹配所有的列,如果加列名,后面的值需要一一匹配;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

3.除了数字类型,其他类型需要使用引号(单双都可以)引起来

2.删除数据:

  • 语法:
delete from 表名 [where 条件]
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_abc001 |
+------------------+
| abc003           |
| abc004           |
+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc abc003;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(37) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from abc003;
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    1 | l     |   18 |
|    2 | c     |   20 |
|    3 | y     |   30 |
+------+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from abc003 where id=1;  -- 删除列中的值,使用的是delete from 表名 where 判断(对列的判断选择)
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.45 sec)
mysql> delete from abc01 where name='name1';-- 如果是字符串类型的,需要在后加上引号;不然无法识别;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from abc003;  --查询列
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    2 | c     |   20 |
|    3 | y     |   30 |
+------+-------+------+
  • 注意:

如果不加条件,则删除表中所有记录。
如果要删除所有记录

  • delete from 表名;-- 不推荐使用。有多少条记录就会执行多少次删除操作。
  • TRUNCATE TABLE 表名; – 推荐使用,效率更高 先删除表,然后再创建一张一样的表。

3.修改数据

  • *语法:
update 表名 set 列名1 =1,列名2 =2...[where 条件];
mysql> update abc003 set age=99 where id=3; -- 修改列中的数据,使用update 表明 set 列名1=值1(这里的列和值是被修改后的数据) where id=1(这里是一个条件语句,id>3也是可以的)
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from abc003;
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    2 | c     |   20 |
|    3 | y     |   99 |
+------+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 注意:

如果不加任何条件,则会将表中所有记录全部修改。

二、DQL:查询表中的字段

在这里插入图片描述

create table Student(id varchar(10),name varchar(10),age datetime,sex varchar(10),primary key(id))
insert into Student values('01' , '赵雷' , '1990-01-01' , '男')
insert into Student values('02' , '钱电' , '1990-12-21' , '男')
insert into Student values('03' , '孙风' , '1990-05-20' , '男')
insert into Student values('04' , '李云' , '1990-08-06' , '男')
insert into Student values('05' , '周梅' , '1991-12-01' , '女')
insert into Student values('06' , '吴兰' , '1992-03-01' , '女')
insert into Student values('07' , '郑竹' , '1989-07-01' , '女')
insert into Student values('08' , '王菊' , '1990-01-20' , '女')
mysql> show tables; -- 查看表
+------------------+
| Tables_in_abc001 |
+------------------+
| abc01            |
| abc02            |
| abc03            |
+------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> desc abc03;-- 查看列
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from users;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-------+------+
| id | username | password                         | level | age  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-------+------+
|  1 | admin    | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |     1 | NULL |

mysql> alter table abc03 add name varchar(4); -- 修改列
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> desc abc03;-- 查看列
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(4) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into abc03 values (1,'na1'); -- 添加数据
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from abc03; -- 查看数据
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | na1  |
|    2 | na2  |
|    2 | na3  |
|    3 | na3  |
|    4 | na3  |
+------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update abc03 set name="nam7" where id>=2; -- 修改数据
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 4  Changed: 4  Warnings: 0
mysql> delete from abc03  where id=2; -- 删除数据
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)

select * from 表名;

1.语法

select 
  字段列表
from
  表名列表
where 
  条件列表
group by
  分组字段
having
  分组之后的条件
order by
  排序
limit 
  分页限定
group_concat()
  分组查询

2.基础查询

1.多个字段的查询

select 字段名1,字段名2... from 表名;
mysql> insert into abc003 values(1,'l',18),(4,'c',30),(5,"ddd",66);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from abc003;
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    1 | l     |   18 |
|    2 | c     |   20 |
|    3 | y     |   99 |
|    4 | test  |   30 |
|    5 | ddd   |   66 |
+------+-------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select id,name from abc003;
+------+-------+
| id   | name  |
+------+-------+
|    1 | l     |
|    2 | c     |
|    3 | y     |
|    4 | test  |
|    5 | ddd   |
+------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.10 sec)
  • 注意:

如果查询所有字段,则可以使用*来替代字段列表。

2.去除重复

distinct
SELECT DISTINCT country FROM Websites;
SELECT * FROM Websites WHERE country='CN'AND alexa > 50;
SELECT * FROM Websites WHERE alexa > 15 AND (country='CN' OR country='USA');

3.计算列

一般可以使用四则运算计算一些列的值。(一般只会进行数值型的计算)

ifnull(表达式1,表达式2);
  • 表达式1:那个字段需要判断是否为null
  • 如果改字段为null后的替换值。

4.起别名

asas也可以省略

3.条件查询where

1.where子句后跟条件
2.运算符

>,<,>=,<=,=,<>
BETWEEN...AND
IN(集合)
LIKE
IS NULL
and or &&
or or ||
not or !
mysql> select * from abc003 where id=2;+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    2 | c     |   20 |
+------+-------+------+
1 row in set (0.12 sec)

mysql> select * from abc003 where id>1 and id<4;
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    2 | c     |   20 |
|    3 | y     |   99 |
+------+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.10 sec)

4.其他

1.排序查询

语法:order by 子句
order by 排序字段1 排序方式1,排序字段2 排序方式2…

mysql> select * from abc003 order by name;
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    1 | l     |   18 |
|    2 | c     |   20 |
|    5 | ddd   |   66 |
|    3 | y     |   99 |
|    4 | test  |   30 |
+------+-------+------+
5 rows in set (0.10 sec)
mysql> select * from abc003 order by id desc; --  默认是正序排序,如果加上desc 就可以进行反序的排序;
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    5 | ddd   |   66 |
|    4 | test  |   30 |
|    3 | y     |   99 |
|    2 | c     |   20 |
|    1 | l     |   18 |
+------+-------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from abc01 where id>5 and id<9 order by id;
+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| id   | name  | password  | cai  | chuan |
+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
|    6 | name6 | password6 | NULL | NULL  |
|    7 | name7 | password7 | NULL | NULL  |
|    8 | name8 | password8 | NULL | NULL  |
+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 排序方式:
ASC:升序,默认的
DESC:降序
  • 注意:

如果有多个排序条件,则当前的条件值一样时,才会判断第二条件。

2.聚合函数:将一列数据作为一个整体,进行纵向的计算。

  • 1.count:计算个数

一般选择非空的列:主键 count(*)

mysql> select count(*) as age from abc003; -- 计算表abc003中的age的个数是多少个,默认去掉NULL值;
+-----+
| age |
+-----+
|   5 |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select count(l) as l from abc01;
+-----+
| l   |
+-----+
|   1 |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  • 2.max:计算最大值
  • 3.min:计算最小值
  • 4.sum:计算和
  • 5.avg:计算平均值
mysql> select max(id) from abc01;
+---------+
| max(id) |
+---------+
|       9 |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select min(id) from abc01;
+---------+
| min(id) |
+---------+
|       1 |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select sum(id) from abc01;
+---------+
| sum(id) |
+---------+
|      50 |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select avg(id) from abc01;
+---------+
| avg(id) |
+---------+
|  5.0000 |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  • 注意:聚合函数的计算,排除null值。
    解决方案:

选择不包含非空的列进行计算
IFNULL函数

3.分组查询

  • 语法:group by 分组字段
mysql> select name,sum(age) from abc003 group by name;
+-------+----------+
| name  | sum(age) |
+-------+----------+
| l     |       18 |
| c     |       20 |
| ddd   |       66 |
| y     |       99 |
| test  |       30 |
+-------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 注意:
  • 1.分组之后查询的字段:分组字段、聚合函数
  • 2.where 和 having的区别?

1.where 在分组之前进行限定,如果不满足条件,则不参与分组。having在分组之后进行限定,如果不满足结果,则不会被查询出来
2.where后不可以跟聚合函数,having可以进行聚合函数的判断。

4.分页查询

  • 语法:limit开始的索引,每页查询的条数;
公式:开始的索引 = (当前的页码 - 1* 每页显示的条数
--每页显示3条记录

SELECT * FROM student LIMIT 0.3--第1页
SELECT * FROM student LIMIT 3.3--第2页
SELECT * FROM student LIMIT 6.3--第3页

limit 是一个MySQL"方言"
mysql> select * from abc003 limit 1;
+------+------+------+
| id   | name | age  |
+------+------+------+
|    1 | l    |   18 |
+------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.04 sec)

mysql> select * from abc003 limit 3-- 显示前3 列数据
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    1 | l     |   18 |
|    2 | c     |   20 |
|    3 | y     |   99 |
+------+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 

链接: 参考学习–菜鸟教程runoob


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