【MySQL】表的内外连接

内连接

内连接实际上就是利用where子句对两种表形成的笛卡儿积进行筛选，我们前面学习的查询都是内连接，也是在开发过程中使用的最多的连接查询。其实内连接就是笛卡尔积。

语法：

select 字段 from 表名 inner join 表2 on 连接条件 and 其他条件 # 注意，这里的and条件也可以是where

例如：
显示SMITH的名字和部门名称.
我们之前书写的方式：

select ename,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and ename='SMITH';

现在使用内连接的方式

select ename,dname from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno and ename='SMITH';
+-------+----------+
| ename | dname    |
+-------+----------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
+-------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

外连接

左外连接

左外连接（LEFT JOIN）会从左表（LEFT JOIN前面的表）中返回所有记录，即使右表中没有匹配的记录。如果右表中有匹配的记录，则会显示。如果没有，则结果中右表相关列的值会是NULL。

语法：

select 字段 from 表1 left join 表2 on 连接条件 and 其他条件;

案例：先创建两张表

mysql> create table stu (id int, name varchar(30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> insert into stu values(1,'jack'),(2,'tom'),(3,'kity'),(4,'nono');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from stu;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | jack |
|    2 | tom  |
|    3 | kity |
|    4 | nono |
+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table exam (id int, grade int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into exam values(1, 56),(2,76),(11, 8);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from exam;
+------+-------+
| id   | grade |
+------+-------+
|    1 |    56 |
|    2 |    76 |
|   11 |     8 |
+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 查询所有学生的成绩，如果这个学生没有成绩，也要将学生的个人信息显示出来

mysql> select stu.id,name,grade from stu left join exam on stu.id=exam.id;
+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | grade |
+------+------+-------+
|    1 | jack |    56 |
|    2 | tom  |    76 |
|    3 | kity |  NULL |
|    4 | nono |  NULL |
+------+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

右外连接

右外连接（RIGHT JOIN）会从右表（RIGHT JOIN后面的表）中返回所有记录，即使左表中没有匹配的记录。如果左表中有匹配的记录，则会显示。如果没有，则结果中左表相关列的值会是NULL。

语法：

select 字段 from 表名1 right join 表名2  on 连接条件；

• 对stu表和exam表联合查询，把所有的成绩都显示出来，即使这个成绩没有学生与它对应，也要显示出来

mysql> select stu.id,name,grade from stu right join exam on stu.id=exam.id;
+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | grade |
+------+------+-------+
|    1 | jack |    56 |
|    2 | tom  |    76 |
| NULL | NULL |     8 |
+------+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 列出部门名称和这些部门的员工信息，同时列出没有员工的部门

注意：这个员工数据库我们前面在复合查询中已经提供好了

mysql> select emp.* from emp right join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
|   NULL | NULL   | NULL      | NULL | NULL                |    NULL |    NULL |   NULL |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

其实左外连接和右外连接是可以切换的，就是表的顺序不一样了

mysql> select emp.* from dept left join emp on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
|   NULL | NULL   | NULL      | NULL | NULL                |    NULL |    NULL |   NULL |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)