【MySQL】视图特性

定义

视图是一个虚拟表，其内容由查询定义。同真实的表一样，视图包含一系列带有名称的列和行数据。视图的数据变化会影响到基表，基表的数据变化也会影响到视图。

基本使用

语法：

create view 视图名 as select语句;

例如我们创建一个视图：查找员工的员工名和工作名

一般我们会使用内连接
mysql> select ename,dname from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
| WARD   | SALES      |
| JONES  | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | SALES      |
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  | SALES      |
| FORD   | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

我们可以把这张表创建成一个视图

mysql> create view myvier as select ename,dname from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show tables;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_test_db   |
+---------------------+
| dept                |
| emp                 |
| myvier              |
| salgrade            |
+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

这个时候就可使用视图查看了

mysql> select * from myvier;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
| WARD   | SALES      |
| JONES  | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | SALES      |
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  | SALES      |
| FORD   | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

同时如果对视图进行修改了，那么基表也会受到影响。

mysql> update myvier set ename='smith' where ename='SMITH';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from myvier;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| smith  | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
…………
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | smith  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
…………
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.01 sec)

同样的如果修改了基表，视图也会进行相应的修改。

mysql> update emp set ename='SMITH' where ename='smith';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from emp;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
…………
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from myvier;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
…………
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

删除视图

语法：

drop view 视图名;

视图的规则和限制

1. 与表一样，必须唯一命名（不能出现同名视图或表名）
2. 创建视图数目无限制，但要考虑复杂查询创建为视图之后的性能影响
3. 视图不能添加索引，也不能有关联的触发器或者默认值
4. 视图可以提高安全性，必须具有足够的访问权限
5. order by 可以用在视图中，但是如果从该视图检索数据 select 中也含有 order by ,那么该视图
6. 中的 order by 将被覆盖
7. 视图可以和表一起使用