CSS3 Text Effects Module
W3C Working Draft 27 June 2005
-
This version:
- http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-text-20050627/ Latest version:
- http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text/ Previous version:
- http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/CR-css3-text-20030514/ Editor:
- Elika J. Etemad Previous Editor:
- Michel Suignard ( Microsoft )
Copyright © 2005 ® (, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply.
Abstract
This CSS3 module defines properties for text manipulation and specifies their processing model. It covers line breaking, justification and alignment, white space handling, text decoration and text transformation.
Status of this document
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.
This document is a Working Draft, and it is still very incomplete. In fact, the majority of its sections have not been added in. Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress. Feedback on this draft should be posted to the www-style@w3.org mailing list with [CSS3 Text] in the subject line. You are strongly encouraged to complain if you see something stupid in this draft. I will do my best to respond to all feedback.
This Text Effects module and a separate (upcoming) Text Layout module replace and obsolete the May 2003 CSS3 Text Module Candidate Recommendation. Since this is a thorough overhaul of the previous version, a list of changes has been provided instead of a diff.
IF YOU HAVE IMPLEMENTED PROPERTIES FROM CSS3 TEXT CR please let me know so I can take that into account as I redraft the spec. You can post to www-style (public), post to the CSS WG mailing list (Member-restricted), or email me directly (personal).
This document has been produced as a combined effort of the W3C Internationalization Activity, and the Style Activity and is maintained by the CSS Working Group. It also includes contributions made by participants in the XSL Working Group (members only). Patent disclosures relevant to CSS may be found on the Working Group's public patent disclosure page..
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Conformance
- 3. White Space Processing
- 4. Line Breaking and Word Boundaries
- 5. Text Wrapping
- 6. Alignment and Justification
- 7. Spacing
- 8. Changes from the May 2003 CSS3 Text CR
- 9. Acknowledgements
- 10. References
1. Introduction
[document here]
2. Conformance
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 (see [RFC2119]). However, for readability, these words do not typically appear in all uppercase letters in this specification.
Additional key words, e.g. "User agent (UA)", are defined by CSS 2.1 ([CSS21], section 3.1).
2.1. Partial and Experimental Implementations
UAs must treat as invalid any properties or values they do not support. Experimental implementations should support only a vendor-prefixed syntax for the property/value.
3. White Space Processing
White space processing in CSS interprets white space characters for rendering: it has no effect on the underlying document data. In the context of CSS, the document white space set is defined to be any space characters (Unicode value U+0020), tab characters (U+0009), or line break characters (defined by the document format: typically line feed, U+000A). Control characters besides the white space characters and the bidi formatting characters (U+202x) are treated as normal characters and rendered according to the same rules.
The document parser must normalize line break character sequences according to its own format rules before CSS processing takes effect. However, in generated content strings the line feed character (U+000A) and only the line feed character is considered a line break sequence. For CSS white space processing all line breaks must be normalized to a single character representation—usually the line feed character (U+000A)—here called a "line break". This way, all recognized line breaks are treated the same and style rules behave consistently across systems.
The document parser may have not only normalized line break characters, but also collapsed other space characters or otherwise processed white space according to markup rules. Because CSS processing occurs after the parsing stage, it is not possible to restore these characters for styling. Therefore, some of the behavior specified below can be affected by these limitations and may be user agent dependent.
3.1. White Space Collapsing: the 'white-space-collapse' property
Name: | white-space-collapse |
---|---|
Value: | preserve | collapse | preserve-breaks | discard |
Initial: | collapse |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | specified value |
This property declares whether and how white space inside the element is collapsed. Values have the following meanings:
-
collapse
- This value directs user agents to collapse sequences of white space into a single character (or in some cases , no character). preserve
- This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences of white space. Line breaks are preserved. preserve-breaks
- This value collapses white space as for 'collapse', but preserves line breaks. discard
- This value directs user agents to discard all white space in the element.
3.2. The White Space Processing Rules
Any text that is directly contained inside a block (not inside an inline) is treated as being inside an anonymous inline element.
For each inline (including anonymous inlines), white space characters are handled as follows, ignoring bidi formatting characters as if they were not there:
-
If 'white-space-collapse' is set to 'collapse' or 'preserve-breaks', white space characters are considered collapsible and are processed by performing the following steps:
- All non-line-break white space characters immediately following a line break character are removed. (This has the effect of discarding all white space at the start of a line but preserving a trailing space if one exists at the end.)
- If 'white-space-collapse' is not 'preserve-breaks', line break characters are transformed for rendering into one of the following characters: a space character, a zero width space character (U+200B), or no character (i.e. not rendered), according to the line break transformation rules.
- Every tab (U+0009) is converted to a space (U+0020)
- Any space (U+0020) following another space (U+0020)—even a space before the inline, if that space is also collapsible—is removed.
-
If 'white-space-collapse' is set to 'preserve', any sequence of spaces (U+0020) unbroken by an element boundary is treated as a sequence of non-breaking spaces. However, a line breaking opportunity exists at the end of the sequence.
-
If 'white-space-collapse' is set to 'discard', the first white space character in every white space sequence is converted to a zero width non-joiner (U+200C) and the rest of the sequence is removed.
Then, the entire block is rendered. Inlines are laid out, taking bidi reordering into account, and wrapping as specified by the 'text-wrap' property.
As each line is laid out,
- A sequence of collapsible spaces (U+0020) at the beginning of a line is removed.
- A tab (U+0009) is rendered as a horizontal shift that lines up the start edge of the next glyph with the next tab stop. Tab stops occur at points that are multiples of 8 times the width of a space (U+0020) rendered in the block's font from the block's starting content edge.
- A sequence of collapsible spaces (U+0020) at the end of a line is removed.
3.2.1. Example of bidirectionality with white space collapsing
Consider the following markup fragment, taking special note of spaces (with varied backgrounds and borders for emphasis and identification):
<ltr>A <rtl> B </rtl> C</ltr>
where the <ltr>
element represents a left-to-right embedding and the <rtl>
element represents a right-to-left embedding. If the 'white-space-collapse' property is set to 'collapse', the above processing model would result in the following:
- The space before the B ( ) would collapse with the space after the A ( ).
- The space before the C ( ) would collapse with the space after the B ( ).
This would leave two spaces, one after the A in the left-to-right embedding level, and one after the B in the right-to-left embedding level. This is then ordered according to the Unicode bidirectional algorithm, with the end result being:
A BC
Note that there are two spaces between A and B, and none between B and C. This is best avoided by putting spaces outside the element instead of just inside the opening and closing tags and, where practical, by relying on implicit bidirectionality instead of explicit embedding levels.
3.2.2. Line Break Transformation Rules
When line breaks are collapsible, they are either transformed into a space (U+0020) or removed depending on the script context before and after the line break.
The script context is determined by the Unicode-given script value [UAX24] of the first character that side of the line break. However, characters such as punctuation that belong to the COMMON and INHERITED scripts are ignored in this check; the next character is examined instead. The UA must not examine characters outside the block and may limit its examination to as few as four characters on each side of the line break. If the check fails to find an acceptable script value (i.e. it has hit the check limits), then the script context is neutral.
- If the character immediately before or immediately after the line break is the zero width space character (U+200B), then the line break is removed.
- Otherwise, if the script context on one side of the line break is Han, Hiragana, or Katakana and the context on the other side is Han, Hiragana, Katakana, or neutral, then the line break is removed.
- Otherwise, the line break is converted to a space (U+0020).
Comments on how well this would work in practice would be very much appreciated, particularly from people who work with Thai and similar scripts.
3.2.3. Informative Summary of White Space Collapsing Effects
- Consecutive white space collapses into a single space.
- A sequence of line breaks and other white space between two ideographic characters collapses into nothing unless there is a space before the first line break in the sequence.
- A zero width space immediately before or anywhere after a line break causes the entire sequence of white space beginning with the line break to collapse into a zero width space.
4. Line Breaking and Word Boundaries
In many writing systems, words are always separated by spaces or punctuation. In the absence of a hyphenation dictionary, a line break can occur only at these explicit word boundaries. In Chinese and Japanese typography, however, no spaces nor any other word separating characters are used. In these systems a line can break anywhere except between certain character combinations. Additionally the level of strictness in these restrictions can vary with the typesetting style.
Scripts like Thai, which uses a space to separate clauses rather than to separate words, present another type of line breaking case. The lack of visible word delimiters makes it similar to the CJK systems. However, like English in the absence of a hyphenating dictionary, Thai never breaks inside words. As a result, knowledge of the vocabulary is necessary to be able to correctly break a line of Thai text. To explicitly mark word boundaries, the zero width space (U+200B) can be used as a word delimiter in Thai and similar scripts.
4.1. Line Breaking Restrictions: the 'word-break' property
CSS distinguishes between two levels of strictness in the rules for implicit line breaking in CJK text. The precise set of rules in effect for the strict and loose levels is up to the UA and should follow language conventions. However, this specification does recommend that the following breaks be forbidden in strict line breaking and allowed in loose:
- breaks before Japanese small kana
- breaks before Japanese iteration marks
- ???
Information on line breaking conventions can be found in [JIS4051] for Japanese, [标点符号] for Chinese, and [?] for Korean, and in [UAX14].
Name: | word-break |
---|---|
Value: | normal | keep-all | loose | break-strict | break-all |
Initial: | normal |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | specified value |
This property specifies what set of line breaking restrictions are in effect within the element. Values have the following meanings:
-
normal
- Breaks non-CJK scripts according to their own rules while using a strict set of line breaking restrictions for CJK scripts (Hangul, Japanese Kana, and CJK ideographs). keep-all
- Same as 'normal' for all non-CJK scripts. However, sequences of CJK characters can no longer break on implied break points. This option should only be used where the presence of white space characters still creates line-breaking opportunities, as in Korean. loose
- As for 'normal', but CJK scripts use a less restrictive set of line-breaking restrictions. break-strict
- Same as 'normal' for CJK scripts, but non-CJK scripts can break anywhere. This option is used mostly when the text is predominantly CJK characters with few non-CJK excerpts and it is desired that the text be more evenly distributed on each line. break-all
- As for 'break-strict', except CJK scripts break according to the rules for 'loose'.
When shaping scripts such as Arabic are allowed to break within words due to 'break-all' or 'break-strict', the characters must still be shaped as if the word were not broken.
4.2. Hyphenation: the 'hyphenate' property
Name: | hyphenate |
---|---|
Value: | none | auto |
Initial: | none |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | specified value |
This property determines whether the line-breaking algorithm is allowed to use a hyphenation engine to break within words. Intra-word breaking restrictions have no effect when 'word-break' is 'break-all'. Possible values:
-
none
- No intra-word breaking. auto
- Words can be broken at an appropriate hyphenation point. It requires that the user agent have an hyphenation dictionary for the language of the text being broken.
5. Text Wrapping
Text wrapping is controlled by the 'text-wrap' and 'word-wrap' properties:
5.1. Text Wrap Settings: the 'text-wrap' property
Name: | text-wrap |
---|---|
Value: | normal | unrestricted | none | suppress |
Initial: | normal |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | specified value |
This property specifies the mode of text wrap. Possible values:
-
normal
- Lines may break at allowed break points, as determined by the line-breaking rules in effect. none
- Lines may not break; text that does not fit within the block box overflows it. unrestricted
- Lines may break between any two grapheme clusters. Line-breaking restrictions have no effect and hyphenation does not take place. Character shaping must ignore the break. suppress
- Line breaking is suppressed within the element: breaking is allowed, but priority is given to valid breakpoints before and after the element. If the text breaks, line-breaking restrictions are honored as for 'normal'.
When restricted text-wrapping is enabled, UAs that allow breaks at punctutation other than spaces should prioritize breakpoints. For example, if breaks after slashes have a lower priority than spaces, the sequence "check /etc" will never break between the '/' and the 'e'. The UA may use the width of the containing block, the document language, and other factors in assigning priorities.
Example of using 'text-wrap: suppress' in presenting a footer
The priority of breakpoints can be set to reflect the intended grouping of text.
Given the rules
footer { text-wrap: suppress; }
and the following markup:
<footer> <venue>27th Internationalization and Unicode Conference</venue> • <date>April 7, 2005<date> • <place>Berlin, Germany<place> </footer>
In a narrow window the footer could be broken as
27th Internationalization and Unicode Conference • April 7, 2005 • Berlin, Germany
or in a narrower window as
27th Internationalization and Unicode Conference • April 7, 2005 • Berlin, Germany
but not as
27th Internationalization and Unicode Conference • April 7, 2005 • Berlin, Germany
5.2. Force Wrapping: the 'word-wrap' property
Name: | word-wrap |
---|---|
Value: | normal | break-word |
Initial: | normal |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | specified value |
This property specifies whether the UA may break within a word to prevent overflow when an otherwise-unbreakable string is too long to fit within the containing block. It only has an effect when 'text-wrap' is either 'normal' or 'suppress'. Possible values:
-
normal
- Lines may break only at allowed break points. break-word
- An unbreakable 'word' may be broken at an arbitrary point if there are no otherwise-acceptable break points in the line. Shaping characters are still shaped as if the word were not broken, and grapheme clusters must stay as one unit.
6. Alignment and Justification
6.1. Text Alignment: the 'text-align' property
Name: | text-align |
---|---|
Value: | start | end | left | right | center | justify | <string> |
Initial: | start |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | specified value |
This property describes how inline contents of a block are horizontally aligned. Values have the following meanings:
-
start
- The inline contents are aligned to the start edge of the line box. end
- The inline contents are aligned to the end edge of the line box. left
- The inline contents are aligned to the left edge of the line box. In vertical text, "left" is interpreted with respect to the beginning of the line stack rather than the top of the page. right
- The inline contents are aligned to the right edge of the line box. In vertical text, "right" is interpreted with respect to the beginning of the line stack rather than the top of the page. center
- The inline contents are centered within the line box. justify
- The text is justified according to the method specified by the 'text-justify' property. <string>
- When applied to a table cell, specifies a string on which all cells in its table column that also have a string value for 'text-align' will align (see the section on horizontal alignment in a column for details and an example). When applied to any other element, it is treated as 'start'.
A block of text is a stack of line boxes. In the case of 'start', 'end', 'left', 'right' and 'center', this property specifies how the inline boxes within each line box align with respect to the line box's sides: alignment is not with respect to the viewport. In the case of 'justify', the UA may stretch the inline boxes in addition to adjusting their positions. (See also the 'text-justify', 'text-justify-trim', 'text-kashida-space', 'letter-spacing' and 'word-spacing'.)
6.2. Last Line Alignment: the 'text-align-last' property
Name: | text-align-last |
---|---|
Value: | start | end | left | right | center | justify |
Initial: | start |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | specified value |
This property describes how the last line of a block or a line right before a forced line break is aligned when 'text-align' is set to 'justify'. Values have the same meaning as for 'text-align'.
6.3. Justification Method: the 'text-justify' property
Name: | text-justify |
---|---|
Value: | auto | inter-word | inter-ideograph | inter-character | inter-cluster | kashida | size |
Initial: | auto |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | specified value |
This property selects the justification method used when 'text-align' is set to 'justify'. Different values affects different type of writing systems in different ways. For justification purposes, writing systems are grouped as follows:
-
block
- CJK (including Hangul and half-width kana) and by extension all "wide" characters. (See [UAX11]) clustered
- South-East Asian scripts that have discrete units but do not use space between words (such as Thai, Lao, Khmer, Myanmar) connected
- Devanagari and other South Asian scripts using spaces between words and baseline connectors within words (such as Bengali and Gurmukhi) cursive
- Arabic and similar cursive scripts discrete
- Scripts that use spaces between words and have discrete, unconnected (in print) units within words, such as Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew; this category also includes symbols and punctuation.
'text-justify' takes the following values:
-
auto
- The UA determines the justification algorithm to follow, based on a balance between performance and adequate presentation quality. The UA may not, however, change the font size (height). inter-word
- Justification primarily flexes the word spaces inter-ideograph
- Justification primarily flexes spaces in all scripts and inter-graphemic boundaries in scripts that use no word spaces inter-character
- Justification primarily flexes both spaces and the graphemic boundaries in all scripts except those in the connected and cursive groups. inter-cluster
- Justification primarily flexes spaces in all scripts and grapheme cluster boundaries in cluster scripts. kashida
- Justification primarily stretches Arabic and related scripts through the use of kashida. Second and third priority flex points are the same as the 'inter-word' first- and second-priority flex points. size
- Instead of increasing spacing, this justification method increases the font size of all text on the line until the line box is full or until one of the font sizes reaches its maximum, whichever comes first. The exact sizing algorithm is UA-dependent. Any justification beyond that is done as for 'auto'.
How should Tibetan get classified? Should it be treated similar to Latin, with each grapheme cluster as a separate in-word unit and tseks justified like word spaces?
When justifying text, the user agent takes the remaining space between the ends of a line's contents and the edges of its line box, and distributes that space at flex points throughout the contents so that the contents exactly fill the line box. If the 'letter-spacing' and 'word-spacing' property values allow it, the user agent may also distribute negative space, putting more content on the line than would otherwise fit under normal spacing conditions. The exact algorithm is UA-dependent; however, CSS defines some general guidelines which must be followed when any justification method other than 'auto' is specified.
CSS defines two or three priorities for justification flex points, depending on the method. The first priority flex points must be evenly expanded or compressed to their limits before second priority flex points can be adjusted. The 'kashida' value also defines third-priority flex points; they may only be used after the second-priority flex points reach their limits. How any remaining space is distributed once the last-priority flex points also hit their limits is left to the UA. If the inline contents of a line cannot be stretched to the full width of the line box, then they must be aligned as specified by the 'text-align-last' property or as 'start' if 'text-align-last' is 'justify'.
The flex point prioritization for values of 'text-justify' is given below. Spacing must be distributed evenly between all flex points in a given prioritization group except for kashida; the priority of kashida compared to other flex points in the group may be different and this behavior is UA-dependent. The different types of flex points are defined as follows:
-
spaces
- flex at spaces and other visible word separators graphemes
- flex between two grapheme clusters , when at least one of which belongs to the relevant script group kashida
- apply kashida elongation. This may be done in discrete kashida units, and the prioritization of kashida points is UA-dependent: for example, the UA may apply more at the end of the line. The UA should not apply kashida to fonts for which it is inappropriate. It may instead rely on other justification methods that lengthen Arabic segments (e.g. by substituting in swash forms). font-size
- flex by adjusting the font size, as described above
method: | inter-word | inter-ideograph | inter-character | inter-cluster | kashida | size | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
priority: | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd |
discrete | spaces | graphemes | spaces | graphemes | spaces, graphemes | n/a | spaces | graphemes | spaces | graphemes | font-size | UA-dependent | |
block | spaces | graphemes | spaces, graphemes | n/a | spaces, graphemes | n/a | spaces | graphemes | spaces | graphemes | font-size | UA-dependent | |
clustered | spaces | graphemes | spaces, graphemes | n/a | spaces, graphemes | n/a | spaces, graphemes | n/a | spaces, graphemes | n/a | font-size | UA-dependent | |
connected | spaces | n/a | spaces | n/a | spaces | n/a | spaces | n/a | spaces | n/a | font-size | UA-dependent | |
cursive | spaces | kashida | spaces | kashida | spaces, | kashida | spaces | kashida | kashida | spaces | n/a | font-size | UA-dependent |
7. Spacing
The next two properties refer to the <spacing-limit> value type, which is defined as follows:
-
<spacing-limit>
-
normal |
<length>
|
<percentage>
If only two values are specified, the third is assumed to be the same as the second. If only one value is specified, all three values are the same.
normal
- Specifies the normal optimum/minimum/maximum spacing, as defined by the current font and/or the user agent. <length> or <percentage>
- Specifies extra spacing in addition to the normal spacing. Percentages are with respect to the width of a space (U+0020). Values can be negative, but there may be implementation-dependent limits.
Should these descriptions be copied into each property?
7.1. Word Spacing: the 'word-spacing' property
Name: | word-spacing |
---|---|
Value: | <spacing-limit>{1,3} |
Initial: | normal |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | refers to width of space (U+0020) glyph |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | 'normal' or computed value or percentage |
This property specifies spacing behavior between words.
The first 'word-spacing' value specifies the desired (optimum) spacing. The second value specifies the desired minimum spacing limit, and the third specifies the desired maximum spacing limit. If the minimum spacing value is greater than the optimum spacing value, then the used minimum spacing value becomes the optimum spacing value. If the maximum spacing value is less than the optimum spacing value, then the used maximum spacing value becomes the optimum spacing value. The text justification process must not violate the minimum spacing limit and should also avoid exceeding the maximum. (See the 'text-justify' property.)
Spacing is applied to each word-separator character left in the text after the white space processing rules have been applied and should be applied half on each side of the character. Word-separator characters include the space (U+0020), the no-break space (U+00A0), the Ethiopic word space (U+1361), the ideographic space (U+3000), the Aegean word separators (U+10100,U+10101), the Ugaritic word divider (U+1039F), and the Tibetan tsek (U+0F0B, U+0F0C). Is this list correct? If there are no word-separator characters, or if the word-separating character has a zero advance width (such as the zero width space U+200B) the user agent must not create an additional spacing between words. General punctuation and fixed-width spaces are not considered word-separators.
7.2. Tracking: the 'letter-spacing' property
Name: | letter-spacing |
---|---|
Value: | <spacing-limit>{1,3} |
Initial: | normal |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | refers to width of space (U+0020) glyph |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | computed value |
This property specifies spacing behavior between grapheme clusters.
A grapheme cluster is what a language user considers to be a character or a basic unit of the language. The term is described in detail in the Unicode Technical Report [UAX29]: Text Boundaries. This specification relies on the default (not tailored) rules only.
The first 'letter-spacing' value specifies the desired (optimum) spacing. The second value specifies the desired minimum spacing limit, and the third specifies the desired maximum spacing limit. If the minimum spacing value is greater than the optimum spacing value, then the used minimum spacing value becomes the optimum spacing value. If the maximum spacing value is less than the optimum spacing value, then the used maximum spacing value becomes the optimum spacing value. The text justification process must not violate the minimum spacing limit and should also avoid exceeding the maximum. (See the 'text-justify' property.)
Spacing should be applied half on each side of the grapheme cluster. Spacing must not be applied at the beginning or at the end of a line.
UAs must not apply letter-spacing to connected and cursive scripts.
When the resultant space between two characters is not the same as the default space, user agents should not use ligatures.
Should letter-spacing affect the spacing between (connected) Arabic segments? Or should it do something else? For scripts like Devanagari, should it extend baseline connectors between grapheme clusters, if possible, instead of ignoring the spacing?
7.3. Kashida Elongation: the 'text-kashida-space' property
Put something here. What sort of settings are needed?
To be continued...
8. Changes from the May 2003 CSS3 Text CR
Much of the text has been rewritten or severely revised, so all changes will not be listed here. Highlights include:
- The 'line-break' and 'word-break-cjk' properties have been replaced by the 'word-break' property.
- The 'word-break-inside' property has been replaced by the 'hyphenate' property.
- The 'wrap-option' property has been replaced by the 'text-wrap' and 'word-break' property.
- The 'linefeed-treatment', 'white-space-treatment', and 'all-space-treatment' properties have been replaced by the 'white-space-collapse' property.
- The 'min-font-size' and 'max-font-size' properties have been delegated to the next revision of the CSS3 Fonts module.
- The 'size' value has been moved from the 'text-align-last' property to the 'text-justify' property.
- The 'distribute' value for 'text-justify' has been renamed to 'inter-character'.
- The 'newspaper' value for 'text-justify' has been dropped in favor of using minimum and maximum limits set on the 'word-spacing' and 'letter-spacing' properties to guide justification.
- The 'word-spacing' and 'letter-spacing' now take percentage values.
- The new 'text-wrap' property's 'suppress' value allows authors to suppress text wrapping within an element with respect to its surrounding text without forbidding correctly-restricted breaks when they are needed.
- The automatic line break conversions specified in the white space processing rules have been changed to try not to break existing East and Southeast Asian content. Explicit control of these rules through the 'linefeed-treatment' property has been removed because style sheets should not be expected to adapt to the source code formatting style.
- Text justification has been much more explicitly specified with prioritized flex points.
Many sections intended for this module are not yet represented in this draft. In particular, the 'text-justify-trim', 'text-indent', 'text-overflow', 'text-decoration', 'text-transformation', 'punctuation-trim', 'text-autospace', 'text-shadow', 'hanging-punctuation', 'kerning-mode', and related properties have not yet been evaulated.
Sections relating to text layout (vertical text, grids, 'text-combine') will be moved to a separate Text Layout module. These features may change greatly from the last revision, but they have not been dropped. The vertical text feature, for example, will likely be based on the methods described in Unicode Technical Note #22.
9. Acknowledgements
This specification would not have been possible without the help from: Ayman Aldahleh, Bert Bos, Tantek Çelik, Stephen Deach, Martin Dürst, Laurie Anna Edlund, Ben Errez, Yaniv Feinberg, Arye Gittelman, Martin Heijdra, Richard Ishida, Koji Ishii, Masayasu Ishikawa, Michael Jochimsen, Eric LeVine, Chris Lilley, Paul Nelson, Chris Pratley, Martin Sawicki, Rahul Sonnad, Frank Tang, Chris Thrasher, Etan Wexler, Chris Wilson, Masafumi Yabe and Steve Zilles.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
-
[CSS21]
- Bert Bos; et al. Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1. 25 February 2004. W3C Candidate Recommendation. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-CSS21-20040225 [RFC2119]
- S. Bradner. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. Internet RFC 2119.URL: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt [UAX11]
- Asmus Freytag. East Asian Width. 28 March 2005. Unicode Standard Annex #11. URL: http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr11/tr11-14.html [UAX24]
- Mark Davis. Script Names. 28 March 2005. Unicode Standard Annex #24. URL: http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr24/tr24-7.html [UAX29]
- Mark Davis. Text Boundaries. 25 March 2005. Unicode Standard Annex #29. URL: http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr24/tr24-7.html
10.2. Informative References
-
[标点符号]
- 标点符号用法 (Punctuation Mark Usage). 中华人民共和国国家标准. 1995. [JIS4051]
- JIS X 4051-1995. Line Composition Rules for Japanese Documents. (『日本語文晝の行組版方法』) Japanese Standards Association. 1995. [UAX14]
- Asmus Freytag. Line Breaking Properties. 29 March 2005. Unicode Standard Annex #14. URL: http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr14/tr14-17.html