进程间通信（PIPE调用）

看过了高级的popen调用之后，我们来了解一下底层的pipe函数。popen函数用过启动一个shell来解释请求的命令。而pipe不需要启动shell来解释。

#include<unistd.h>
int pipe(int file_descriptor[2]);

pipe函数的参数是一个由两个整数类型的文件描述符组成的数据的指针。该函数是数据中填上两个新的文件描述符后返回0.如果失败则返回-1并设置

errno来表明失败的原因。这些错误有

1.EMFILE：进程使用的文件描述符过多

2.ENFILE：系统的文件表已满

3.EFAULT：文件描述符无效

两个返回的文件描述符以一种特殊的方式连接起来。写到file_descriptor[1]的所有数据都可以从file_descriptor[0]读回来。数据基于先进先出的原则

（通常简写为FIFO）进程处理，这意味着如果你把字节1，2，3写入到dile_descriptor[1]，从file_descriptor[0]读出来的数据是1，2，3.

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
    int data_processed;
    int file_pipes[2];
    const char some_data[] = "123";
    char buffer[BUFSIZ + 1];

    memset(buffer, '\0', sizeof(buffer));

    if (pipe(file_pipes) == 0) {
        data_processed = write(file_pipes[1], some_data, strlen(some_data));
        printf("Wrote %d bytes\n", data_processed);
        data_processed = read(file_pipes[0], buffer, BUFSIZ);
        printf("Read %d bytes: %s\n", data_processed, buffer);
        exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

跨越fork调用的管道

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
    int data_processed;
    int file_pipes[2];
    const char some_data[] = "123";
    char buffer[BUFSIZ + 1];
    pid_t fork_result;

    memset(buffer, '\0', sizeof(buffer));

    if (pipe(file_pipes) == 0) {
        fork_result = fork();
        if (fork_result == -1) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Fork failure");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
// We've made sure the fork worked, so if fork_result equals zero, we're in the child process.
        if (fork_result == 0) {
            data_processed = read(file_pipes[0], buffer, BUFSIZ);
            printf("Read %d bytes: %s\n", data_processed, buffer);
            exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        }
// Otherwise, we must be the parent process.

        else {
            data_processed = write(file_pipes[1], some_data,
                                   strlen(some_data));
            printf("Wrote %d bytes\n", data_processed);
        }
    }
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

父进程与子进程

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
    int data_processed;
    int file_pipes[2];
    const char some_data[] = "123";
    char buffer[BUFSIZ + 1];
    pid_t fork_result;

    memset(buffer, '\0', sizeof(buffer));

    if (pipe(file_pipes) == 0) {
        fork_result = fork();
        if (fork_result == (pid_t)-1) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Fork failure");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        if (fork_result == 0) {
            sprintf(buffer, "%d", file_pipes[0]);
            (void)execl("pipe4", "pipe4", buffer, (char *)0);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        else {
            data_processed = write(file_pipes[1], some_data,
                                   strlen(some_data));
            printf("%d - wrote %d bytes\n", getpid(), data_processed);
        }
    }
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

// The 'consumer' program, pipe4.c, that reads the data is much simpler.
//pipe4.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int data_processed;
    char buffer[BUFSIZ + 1];
    int file_descriptor;

    memset(buffer, '\0', sizeof(buffer));
    sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &file_descriptor);
    data_processed = read(file_descriptor, buffer, BUFSIZ);

    printf("%d - read %d bytes: %s\n", getpid(), data_processed, buffer);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}