Java实现图书管理系统

我们先做一个简单的需求分析
简单图书馆管理系统

1.需求分析
a）角色有两种：普通用户 管理员

针对普通用户，支持的操作是

a)查找书籍
b)借阅书籍
c)归还书籍

针对管理员，支持的操作是：

a)查找书籍
b)增加书籍
c)删除书籍
d)打印所有书籍信息

2.概要设计

想清楚程序应该分为几个模块，每个模块具体实现什么功能，模块之间是怎么交互的。

3.详细设计

每个模块的具体细节

4.开始编码

先创建类，把一些核心的类设计好
设计类不难，从需求中寻找关键词(名词)
这里 Book User (NormalUser Admin) BookList(所有书籍)

创建Book类：

package package_bookmanger.book;

public class Book {
    private String name;
    private String id;
    private String author;
    private int price;
    private String type;
    private boolean isBorrowed;

    public Book(String name, String id, String author, int price, String type, boolean isBorrowed) {
        this.name = name;
        this.id = id;
        this.author = author;
        this.price = price;
        this.type = type;
        this.isBorrowed = isBorrowed;
    }

    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Book{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", id='" + id + '\'' +
                ", author='" + author + '\'' +
                ", price=" + price +
                ", type='" + type + '\'' +
                ", isBorrowed=" + isBorrowed +
                '}';
    }

    public boolean isBorrowed() {
        return isBorrowed;
    }

    public void setBorrowed(boolean borrowed) {
        isBorrowed = borrowed;
    }
}

创建BookList类代表一系列图书
在BookList中我们先添加几本书将其初始化

package package_bookmanger.book;

public class BookList {
    private Book[] books = new Book[100];
    private int size; //有效元素

    public BookList() {
        books[0] = new Book("红楼梦","001","曹雪芹",100,"古典文学",false);
        books[1] = new Book("水浒传","002","施耐庵",100,"古典文学",false);
        books[2] = new Book("西游记","003","吴承恩",100,"古典名著",false);
        size = 3;    
    }

    public int getSize() {
    	//取得有效书籍个数
        return size;
    }

    public void setSize(int size) {
    	//设置有效书籍个数
        this.size = size;
    }
    public Book getBook(int index){
    	//取到图书馆中的某本书，通过下标获得
        return books[index];
    }
    public void setBooks(int index,Book book){
    	//设置某本书进去
        books[index] = book;
    }
}

针对两种类型的人，要实现一些基本操作，可以通过两种方式来实现
1.把这些操作作为User类方法来实现
2.可以把操作理解成名词，每种操作对应到一个类，User类只要持有这些类的实例就行了。

这里我们创建一个接口，和许多个操作类

package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public interface IOperation {
    void work(BookList bookList);
}

此时User就要持有IOpeartion对象来实现操作
新增操作

//新增
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public class AddOperation implements IOperation {
    //这个类对应到“新增”操作
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {

    }
}
//借书
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public class BorrowOpeartion implements IOperation{
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {

    }
}
//删除书
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public class DelOperation  implements IOperation{
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {

    }
}
//退出系统
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public class ExitOperation implements IOperation {
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {

    }
}
//查找书籍
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public class FindOperation implements IOperation {
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {

    }
}
//打印所有书籍
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public class PrintAllOpeartion implements IOperation {
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {

    }
}
//还书
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public class ReturnOperation implements IOperation {
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {

    }
}

book包：
Book:表示一本书的信息
BookList：管理若干本书
user包：
User：抽象类，包含名字和该用户支持的操作数组
NormalUser表示普通用户，继承自User
Admin：表示管理员继承自User
operation包
包含若干个类，每个类表示一种操作。
IOperation为共同接口，重写work方法，work是针对workList进行操作
使每个用户持有不同的操作

User

package package_bookmanger.user;

import package_bookmanger.Operation.IOperation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

abstract public class User {
    //被继承
    protected String name;

    public User(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    //持有当前用户支持的操作对象
    protected IOperation[] operations;

    //打印一个操作菜单，不同的用户不同，对应的菜单也不同
    abstract public int menu();

    //根据用户输入的选项
    //调用对应的操作对象
    public void doOperation(int choice, BookList bookList){
        operations[choice].work(bookList);
    }
}

NormalUser

package package_bookmanger.user;

import package_bookmanger.Operation.*;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class NormalUser extends User{
    public NormalUser(String name) {
        super(name);
        //构造器构造我们的数组
        //数组中 operation 对象的顺序和菜单中的序号想匹配
        operations = new IOperation[]{
                new ExitOperation(),
                new FindOperation(),
                new BorrowOpeartion(),
                new ReturnOperation()
        };
    }

    @Override
    public int menu() {
        System.out.println("============");
        System.out.println("hello" + name);
        System.out.println("1.查找图书");
        System.out.println("2.借阅图书");
        System.out.println("3.归还图书");
        System.out.println("0.退出");
        System.out.println("============");
        System.out.println("请输入您的选择");
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        int choice = scanner.nextInt();
        return choice;
    }
}

Admin

package package_bookmanger.user;

import package_bookmanger.Operation.*;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Admin extends User{
    public Admin(String name) {
        super(name);
        operations = new IOperation[]{
                new ExitOperation(),
                new FindOperation(),
                new AddOperation(),
                new DelOperation(),
                new PrintAllOpeartion()
        };
    }

    @Override
    public int menu() {
        System.out.println("============");
        System.out.println("hello" + name);
        System.out.println("1.查找图书");
        System.out.println("2.增加图书");
        System.out.println("3.删除图书");
        System.out.println("4.打印所有图书");
        System.out.println("0.退出");
        System.out.println("============");
        System.out.println("请输入您的选择");
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        int choice = scanner.nextInt();
        return choice;
    }
}

接下来就是实现类的操作

//公共接口
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public interface IOperation {
    void work(BookList bookList);

}

//Add
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class AddOperation implements IOperation {
    //这个类对应到“新增”操作
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {
        System.out.println("请新增一本书籍");
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("请输入书名");
        String name = scanner.next();
        System.out.println("请输入序号");
        String id = scanner.next();
        System.out.println("请输入作者");
        String author = scanner.next();
        System.out.println("请输入价格");
        int price = scanner.nextInt();
        System.out.println("请输入类别");
        String type = scanner.next();
        Book book = new Book(name,id,author,price,type,false);
        bookList.setBooks(bookList.getSize(),book);//尾插
        bookList.setSize(bookList.getSize() + 1);
        System.out.println("添加成功");
    }
}
//删除
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class DelOperation  implements IOperation{
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {
        System.out.println("删除书籍");
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("输入要删除书籍的序号");
        String id = scanner.next();
        int i  = 0;
        for (;i < bookList.getSize(); i++ ){
            Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
            if(book.getId().equals(id)){
                break;//找到了
            }
        }
        if(i >= bookList.getSize()){
            //没找到
            return;
        }
        bookList.setBooks(i,bookList.getBook(bookList.getSize()-1));
        bookList.setSize(bookList.getSize() - 1);
        System.out.println("删除成功");
    }
}
//借阅
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class BorrowOperation implements IOperation{
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {
        System.out.println("借阅书籍");
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("请输入要借阅书籍的编号");
        String id = scanner.next();
        for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
            Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
            if(!book.getId().equals(id)){
                continue;
            }
            //相等执行借书操作
            if(book.isBorrowed()){
                System.out.println("这本书已经被借走了");
                break;
            }
            book.setBorrowed(true);
            System.out.println("借阅成功");
        }
    }
}
//退出
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public class ExitOperation implements IOperation {
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {
        System.out.println("GoodBye");
        System.exit(0);
    }
}
//查找书籍
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class FindOperation implements IOperation {
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {
        System.out.println("查找书籍");
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("请输入查找的书名");
        String name = scanner.next();
        int count = 0;
        for (int i = 0;i < bookList.getSize();i++){
            Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
            if(book.getName().equals(name)){
                System.out.println(book);
                count++;
            }
        }
        if(count == 0){
            System.out.println("查无此书");
        }
    }
}
//打印所有书籍
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

public class PrintAllOperation implements IOperation {
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {
        for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
            System.out.println(bookList.getBook(i));
        }
        System.out.println("一共 " + bookList.getSize() + " 本书");
    }
}
//归还图书
package package_bookmanger.Operation;

import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class ReturnOperation implements IOperation {
    @Override
    public void work(BookList bookList) {
        System.out.println("归还书籍");
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("输入具体归还书籍的编号");
        String id = scanner.next();
        for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
            Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
            if(!book.getId().equals(id)){
                continue;
            }
            if(!book.isBorrowed()){
                System.out.println("这本书已经被归还");
                break;
            }
            book.setBorrowed(false);
            System.out.println("归还成功");
        }
    }
}

主程序：

package package_bookmanger;

import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
import package_bookmanger.user.Admin;
import package_bookmanger.user.NormalUser;
import package_bookmanger.user.User;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //程序的入口
        //1.准备好书籍信息数据
        BookList bookList = new BookList();
        //2.创建用户(多态)
        User user = login();
        // 3.进入主循环
        while (true){
            int choice = user.menu();
            user.doOperation(choice,bookList);
        }
    }
    public static User login(){
        System.out.println("请输入您的姓名");
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        String name = scanner.next();
        System.out.println("请输入您的角色 （1 普通用户 2 管理员）");
        int role = scanner.nextInt();
        if(role == 1){
            return new  NormalUser(name);
        }else {
            return new Admin(name);
        }
    }
}

问题，切换 booklist构造器为空
return new book 啥时候new，啥时候不new

public static User login(){
        System.out.println("请输入您的姓名");
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        String name = scanner.next();
        System.out.println("请输入您的角色 （1 普通用户 2 管理员）");
        int role = scanner.nextInt();
        if(role == 1){
            return new  NormalUser(name);
        }else {
            return new Admin(name);
        }
    }
}

  public Book getBook(int index){
        return books[index];
    }