我们先做一个简单的需求分析
简单图书馆管理系统
1.需求分析
a)角色有两种:普通用户 管理员
针对普通用户,支持的操作是
a)查找书籍
b)借阅书籍
c)归还书籍
针对管理员,支持的操作是:
a)查找书籍
b)增加书籍
c)删除书籍
d)打印所有书籍信息
2.概要设计
想清楚程序应该分为几个模块,每个模块具体实现什么功能,模块之间是怎么交互的。
3.详细设计
每个模块的具体细节
4.开始编码
先创建类,把一些核心的类设计好
设计类不难,从需求中寻找关键词(名词)
这里 Book User (NormalUser Admin) BookList(所有书籍)
创建Book类:
package package_bookmanger.book;
public class Book {
private String name;
private String id;
private String author;
private int price;
private String type;
private boolean isBorrowed;
public Book(String name, String id, String author, int price, String type, boolean isBorrowed) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
this.author = author;
this.price = price;
this.type = type;
this.isBorrowed = isBorrowed;
}
public String getId() {
return id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Book{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", id='" + id + '\'' +
", author='" + author + '\'' +
", price=" + price +
", type='" + type + '\'' +
", isBorrowed=" + isBorrowed +
'}';
}
public boolean isBorrowed() {
return isBorrowed;
}
public void setBorrowed(boolean borrowed) {
isBorrowed = borrowed;
}
}
创建BookList类代表一系列图书
在BookList中我们先添加几本书将其初始化
package package_bookmanger.book;
public class BookList {
private Book[] books = new Book[100];
private int size; //有效元素
public BookList() {
books[0] = new Book("红楼梦","001","曹雪芹",100,"古典文学",false);
books[1] = new Book("水浒传","002","施耐庵",100,"古典文学",false);
books[2] = new Book("西游记","003","吴承恩",100,"古典名著",false);
size = 3;
}
public int getSize() {
//取得有效书籍个数
return size;
}
public void setSize(int size) {
//设置有效书籍个数
this.size = size;
}
public Book getBook(int index){
//取到图书馆中的某本书,通过下标获得
return books[index];
}
public void setBooks(int index,Book book){
//设置某本书进去
books[index] = book;
}
}
针对两种类型的人,要实现一些基本操作,可以通过两种方式来实现
1.把这些操作作为User类方法来实现
2.可以把操作理解成名词,每种操作对应到一个类,User类只要持有这些类的实例就行了。
这里我们创建一个接口,和许多个操作类
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public interface IOperation {
void work(BookList bookList);
}
此时User就要持有IOpeartion对象来实现操作
新增操作
//新增
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public class AddOperation implements IOperation {
//这个类对应到“新增”操作
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
}
}
//借书
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public class BorrowOpeartion implements IOperation{
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
}
}
//删除书
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public class DelOperation implements IOperation{
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
}
}
//退出系统
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public class ExitOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
}
}
//查找书籍
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public class FindOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
}
}
//打印所有书籍
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public class PrintAllOpeartion implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
}
}
//还书
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public class ReturnOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
}
}
book包:
Book:表示一本书的信息
BookList:管理若干本书
user包:
User:抽象类,包含名字和该用户支持的操作数组
NormalUser表示普通用户,继承自User
Admin:表示管理员继承自User
operation包
包含若干个类,每个类表示一种操作。
IOperation为共同接口,重写work方法,work是针对workList进行操作
使每个用户持有不同的操作
User
package package_bookmanger.user;
import package_bookmanger.Operation.IOperation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
abstract public class User {
//被继承
protected String name;
public User(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
//持有当前用户支持的操作对象
protected IOperation[] operations;
//打印一个操作菜单,不同的用户不同,对应的菜单也不同
abstract public int menu();
//根据用户输入的选项
//调用对应的操作对象
public void doOperation(int choice, BookList bookList){
operations[choice].work(bookList);
}
}
NormalUser
package package_bookmanger.user;
import package_bookmanger.Operation.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class NormalUser extends User{
public NormalUser(String name) {
super(name);
//构造器构造我们的数组
//数组中 operation 对象的顺序和菜单中的序号想匹配
operations = new IOperation[]{
new ExitOperation(),
new FindOperation(),
new BorrowOpeartion(),
new ReturnOperation()
};
}
@Override
public int menu() {
System.out.println("============");
System.out.println("hello" + name);
System.out.println("1.查找图书");
System.out.println("2.借阅图书");
System.out.println("3.归还图书");
System.out.println("0.退出");
System.out.println("============");
System.out.println("请输入您的选择");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
int choice = scanner.nextInt();
return choice;
}
}
Admin
package package_bookmanger.user;
import package_bookmanger.Operation.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Admin extends User{
public Admin(String name) {
super(name);
operations = new IOperation[]{
new ExitOperation(),
new FindOperation(),
new AddOperation(),
new DelOperation(),
new PrintAllOpeartion()
};
}
@Override
public int menu() {
System.out.println("============");
System.out.println("hello" + name);
System.out.println("1.查找图书");
System.out.println("2.增加图书");
System.out.println("3.删除图书");
System.out.println("4.打印所有图书");
System.out.println("0.退出");
System.out.println("============");
System.out.println("请输入您的选择");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
int choice = scanner.nextInt();
return choice;
}
}
接下来就是实现类的操作
//公共接口
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public interface IOperation {
void work(BookList bookList);
}
//Add
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class AddOperation implements IOperation {
//这个类对应到“新增”操作
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("请新增一本书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入书名");
String name = scanner.next();
System.out.println("请输入序号");
String id = scanner.next();
System.out.println("请输入作者");
String author = scanner.next();
System.out.println("请输入价格");
int price = scanner.nextInt();
System.out.println("请输入类别");
String type = scanner.next();
Book book = new Book(name,id,author,price,type,false);
bookList.setBooks(bookList.getSize(),book);//尾插
bookList.setSize(bookList.getSize() + 1);
System.out.println("添加成功");
}
}
//删除
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class DelOperation implements IOperation{
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("删除书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("输入要删除书籍的序号");
String id = scanner.next();
int i = 0;
for (;i < bookList.getSize(); i++ ){
Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
if(book.getId().equals(id)){
break;//找到了
}
}
if(i >= bookList.getSize()){
//没找到
return;
}
bookList.setBooks(i,bookList.getBook(bookList.getSize()-1));
bookList.setSize(bookList.getSize() - 1);
System.out.println("删除成功");
}
}
//借阅
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class BorrowOperation implements IOperation{
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("借阅书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入要借阅书籍的编号");
String id = scanner.next();
for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
if(!book.getId().equals(id)){
continue;
}
//相等执行借书操作
if(book.isBorrowed()){
System.out.println("这本书已经被借走了");
break;
}
book.setBorrowed(true);
System.out.println("借阅成功");
}
}
}
//退出
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public class ExitOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("GoodBye");
System.exit(0);
}
}
//查找书籍
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class FindOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("查找书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入查找的书名");
String name = scanner.next();
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0;i < bookList.getSize();i++){
Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
if(book.getName().equals(name)){
System.out.println(book);
count++;
}
}
if(count == 0){
System.out.println("查无此书");
}
}
}
//打印所有书籍
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
public class PrintAllOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
System.out.println(bookList.getBook(i));
}
System.out.println("一共 " + bookList.getSize() + " 本书");
}
}
//归还图书
package package_bookmanger.Operation;
import package_bookmanger.book.Book;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ReturnOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("归还书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("输入具体归还书籍的编号");
String id = scanner.next();
for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
if(!book.getId().equals(id)){
continue;
}
if(!book.isBorrowed()){
System.out.println("这本书已经被归还");
break;
}
book.setBorrowed(false);
System.out.println("归还成功");
}
}
}
主程序:
package package_bookmanger;
import package_bookmanger.book.BookList;
import package_bookmanger.user.Admin;
import package_bookmanger.user.NormalUser;
import package_bookmanger.user.User;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//程序的入口
//1.准备好书籍信息数据
BookList bookList = new BookList();
//2.创建用户(多态)
User user = login();
// 3.进入主循环
while (true){
int choice = user.menu();
user.doOperation(choice,bookList);
}
}
public static User login(){
System.out.println("请输入您的姓名");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
String name = scanner.next();
System.out.println("请输入您的角色 (1 普通用户 2 管理员)");
int role = scanner.nextInt();
if(role == 1){
return new NormalUser(name);
}else {
return new Admin(name);
}
}
}
问题,切换 booklist构造器为空
return new book 啥时候new,啥时候不new
public static User login(){
System.out.println("请输入您的姓名");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
String name = scanner.next();
System.out.println("请输入您的角色 (1 普通用户 2 管理员)");
int role = scanner.nextInt();
if(role == 1){
return new NormalUser(name);
}else {
return new Admin(name);
}
}
}
public Book getBook(int index){
return books[index];
}