基本用法
检查 ch 中有没有数据
select {
case d <- ch:
default:
}
读取已经被 close 掉的 ch 时会返回零值，不会报错。因此在使用for + select的时候要格外注意。
for {
select {
case d <- ch:
default:
}
}
d会永远都有值，for会永远执行下去。需要做一些优化。
outer:
for {
select {
case d, ok := <-ch1:
if !ok {
break outer
}
case d, ok := <-ch2:
if !ok {
break outer
}
}
}
对于监听单个 ch 的，可以使用for + range代替。因为一旦 ch 被关闭，它会退出循环。
for d := range ch {
}
select 监听多个 ch 的时候，执行顺序时随机的。
源码部分
关于channel源码解析 golang的channel实现原理。
src/runtime/chan.go
// compiler implements
//
// select {
// case c <- v:
// ... foo
// default:
// ... bar
// }
//
// as
//
// if selectnbsend(c, v) {
// ... foo
// } else {
// ... bar
// }
//
func selectnbsend(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) (selected bool) {
return chansend(c, elem, false, getcallerpc())
}
// compiler implements
//
// select {
// case v, ok = <-c:
// ... foo
// default:
// ... bar
// }
//
// as
//
// if selected, ok = selectnbrecv(&v, c); selected {
// ... foo
// } else {
// ... bar
// }
//
func selectnbrecv(elem unsafe.Pointer, c *hchan) (selected, received bool) {
return chanrecv(c, elem, false)
}
func chansend(c *hchan, ep unsafe.Pointer, block bool, callerpc uintptr) bool
func chanrecv(c *hchan, ep unsafe.Pointer, block bool) (selected, received bool)
src/runtime/select.go
type scase struct {
c *hchan // chan
elem unsafe.Pointer // data element
}
type selectDir int
const (
_ selectDir = iota
selectSend // case Chan <- Send
selectRecv // case <-Chan:
selectDefault // default
)
func reflect_rselect(cases []runtimeSelect) (int, bool) {
if len(cases) == 0 {
block()
}
sel := make([]scase, len(cases))
orig := make([]int, len(cases))
nsends, nrecvs := 0, 0
dflt := -1
for i, rc := range cases {
var j int
switch rc.dir {
case selectDefault:
dflt = i
continue
case selectSend:
j = nsends
nsends++
case selectRecv:
nrecvs++
j = len(cases) - nrecvs
}
// sel 中，将 send 排在前面，recv 排在后面
// 因此需要通过 orig 来辅助定位
sel[j] = scase{c: rc.ch, elem: rc.val}
orig[j] = i
}
// 只有 default case.
if nsends+nrecvs == 0 {
return dflt, false
}
// 只保留 send 和 recv
if nsends+nrecvs < len(cases) {
copy(sel[nsends:], sel[len(cases)-nrecvs:])
copy(orig[nsends:], orig[len(cases)-nrecvs:])
}
// order 为空切片，长度是 2*(nsends+nrecvs)
order := make([]uint16, 2*(nsends+nrecvs))
// 竞争探测用的
var pc0 *uintptr
if raceenabled {
pcs := make([]uintptr, nsends+nrecvs)
for i := range pcs {
selectsetpc(&pcs[i])
}
pc0 = &pcs[0]
}
chosen, recvOK := selectgo(&sel[0], &order[0], pc0, nsends, nrecvs, dflt == -1)
// Translate chosen back to caller's ordering.
if chosen < 0 {
chosen = dflt
} else {
chosen = orig[chosen]
}
return chosen, recvOK
}
// selectgo implements the select statement.
//
// cas0 points to an array of type [ncases]scase, and order0 points to
// an array of type [2*ncases]uint16 where ncases must be <= 65536.
// Both reside on the goroutine's stack (regardless of any escaping in
// selectgo).
//
// For race detector builds, pc0 points to an array of type
// [ncases]uintptr (also on the stack); for other builds, it's set to
// nil.
//
// selectgo returns the index of the chosen scase, which matches the
// ordinal position of its respective select{recv,send,default} call.
// Also, if the chosen scase was a receive operation, it reports whether
// a value was received.
func selectgo(cas0 *scase, order0 *uint16, pc0 *uintptr, nsends, nrecvs int, block bool) (int, bool) {
if debugSelect {
print("select: cas0=", cas0, "\n")
}
// NOTE: In order to maintain a lean stack size, the number of scases
// is capped at 65536.
// cas0 为指向切片[]scase的首地址，通过unsafe.Pointer将其转化为 *[65536]scase，超出部分被舍弃
cas1 := (*[1 << 16]scase)(unsafe.Pointer(cas0))
// 同样的道理，order1为 *[131072]uint16
order1 := (*[1 << 17]uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(order0))
// 实际长度
ncases := nsends + nrecvs
// 截取实际的长度，从0开始，截取ncases个，并且cap为ncases
scases := cas1[:ncases:ncases]
// 截取实际的长度
pollorder := order1[:ncases:ncases]
// 首先取 order1[ncases:]，也就是 order1 的后半部分，得到新切片后，再来取 [:ncases:ncases]
lockorder := order1[ncases:][:ncases:ncases]
// NOTE: pollorder/lockorder's underlying array was not zero-initialized by compiler.
// Even when raceenabled is true, there might be select
// statements in packages compiled without -race (e.g.,
// ensureSigM in runtime/signal_unix.go).
var pcs []uintptr
if raceenabled && pc0 != nil {
pc1 := (*[1 << 16]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(pc0))
pcs = pc1[:ncases:ncases]
}
casePC := func(casi int) uintptr {
if pcs == nil {
return 0
}
return pcs[casi]
}
var t0 int64
if blockprofilerate > 0 {
t0 = cputicks()
}
// The compiler rewrites selects that statically have
// only 0 or 1 cases plus default into simpler constructs.
// The only way we can end up with such small sel.ncase
// values here is for a larger select in which most channels
// have been nilled out. The general code handles those
// cases correctly, and they are rare enough not to bother
// optimizing (and needing to test).
// generate permuted order
norder := 0
for i := range scases {
cas := &scases[i]
// Omit cases without channels from the poll and lock orders.
// 如果 cas 中没有 ch，就过滤掉
if cas.c == nil {
cas.elem = nil // allow GC
continue
}
// 随机打乱顺序
j := fastrandn(uint32(norder + 1))
pollorder[norder] = pollorder[j]
// 给 pollorder 赋值
pollorder[j] = uint16(i)
norder++
}
// 重新截取切片
pollorder = pollorder[:norder]
lockorder = lockorder[:norder]
// sort the cases by Hchan address to get the locking order.
// simple heap sort, to guarantee n log n time and constant stack footprint.
// 使用 Hchan 的地址来对 cases 进行排序
// 简单的堆排序，确保查找时间为 logn，和恒定的堆栈占用量
for i := range lockorder {
j := i
// Start with the pollorder to permute cases on the same channel.
c := scases[pollorder[i]].c
for j > 0 && scases[lockorder[(j-1)/2]].c.sortkey() < c.sortkey() {
k := (j - 1) / 2
lockorder[j] = lockorder[k]
j = k
}
lockorder[j] = pollorder[i]
}
for i := len(lockorder) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
o := lockorder[i]
c := scases[o].c
lockorder[i] = lockorder[0]
j := 0
for {
k := j*2 + 1
if k >= i {
break
}
if k+1 < i && scases[lockorder[k]].c.sortkey() < scases[lockorder[k+1]].c.sortkey() {
k++
}
if c.sortkey() < scases[lockorder[k]].c.sortkey() {
lockorder[j] = lockorder[k]
j = k
continue
}
break
}
lockorder[j] = o
}
if debugSelect {
for i := 0; i+1 < len(lockorder); i++ {
if scases[lockorder[i]].c.sortkey() > scases[lockorder[i+1]].c.sortkey() {
print("i=", i, " x=", lockorder[i], " y=", lockorder[i+1], "\n")
throw("select: broken sort")
}
}
}
// lock all the channels involved in the select
// 锁住所有的 chan
sellock(scases, lockorder)
var (
gp *g
sg *sudog
c *hchan
k *scase
sglist *sudog
sgnext *sudog
qp unsafe.Pointer
nextp **sudog
)
// pass 1 - look for something already waiting
// 看是否有就绪的读或写chan
var casi int
var cas *scase
var caseSuccess bool
var caseReleaseTime int64 = -1
var recvOK bool
for _, casei := range pollorder {
casi = int(casei)
cas = &scases[casi]
c = cas.c
if casi >= nsends {
sg = c.sendq.dequeue()
if sg != nil {
goto recv
}
if c.qcount > 0 {
goto bufrecv
}
if c.closed != 0 {
goto rclose
}
} else {
if raceenabled {
racereadpc(c.raceaddr(), casePC(casi), chansendpc)
}
if c.closed != 0 {
goto sclose
}
sg = c.recvq.dequeue()
if sg != nil {
goto send
}
if c.qcount < c.dataqsiz {
goto bufsend
}
}
}
if !block {
selunlock(scases, lockorder)
casi = -1
goto retc
}
// pass 2 - enqueue on all chans
// 没有就绪的chan，那么就需要将当前G加入所有chan的sendq或recvq中去，并挂起
gp = getg()
if gp.waiting != nil {
throw("gp.waiting != nil")
}
nextp = &gp.waiting
for _, casei := range lockorder {
casi = int(casei)
cas = &scases[casi]
c = cas.c
sg := acquireSudog()
sg.g = gp
sg.isSelect = true
// No stack splits between assigning elem and enqueuing
// sg on gp.waiting where copystack can find it.
sg.elem = cas.elem
sg.releasetime = 0
if t0 != 0 {
sg.releasetime = -1
}
sg.c = c
// Construct waiting list in lock order.
*nextp = sg
nextp = &sg.waitlink
if casi < nsends {
c.sendq.enqueue(sg)
} else {
c.recvq.enqueue(sg)
}
}
// wait for someone to wake us up
gp.param = nil
// Signal to anyone trying to shrink our stack that we're about
// to park on a channel. The window between when this G's status
// changes and when we set gp.activeStackChans is not safe for
// stack shrinking.
atomic.Store8(&gp.parkingOnChan, 1)
gopark(selparkcommit, nil, waitReasonSelect, traceEvGoBlockSelect, 1)
gp.activeStackChans = false
sellock(scases, lockorder)
gp.selectDone = 0
sg = (*sudog)(gp.param)
gp.param = nil
// pass 3 - dequeue from unsuccessful chans
// otherwise they stack up on quiet channels
// record the successful case, if any.
// We singly-linked up the SudoGs in lock order.
casi = -1
cas = nil
caseSuccess = false
sglist = gp.waiting
// Clear all elem before unlinking from gp.waiting.
for sg1 := gp.waiting; sg1 != nil; sg1 = sg1.waitlink {
sg1.isSelect = false
sg1.elem = nil
sg1.c = nil
}
gp.waiting = nil
for _, casei := range lockorder {
k = &scases[casei]
if sg == sglist {
// sg has already been dequeued by the G that woke us up.
casi = int(casei)
cas = k
caseSuccess = sglist.success
if sglist.releasetime > 0 {
caseReleaseTime = sglist.releasetime
}
} else {
c = k.c
if int(casei) < nsends {
c.sendq.dequeueSudoG(sglist)
} else {
c.recvq.dequeueSudoG(sglist)
}
}
sgnext = sglist.waitlink
sglist.waitlink = nil
releaseSudog(sglist)
sglist = sgnext
}
if cas == nil {
throw("selectgo: bad wakeup")
}
c = cas.c
if debugSelect {
print("wait-return: cas0=", cas0, " c=", c, " cas=", cas, " send=", casi < nsends, "\n")
}
if casi < nsends {
if !caseSuccess {
goto sclose
}
} else {
recvOK = caseSuccess
}
if raceenabled {
if casi < nsends {
raceReadObjectPC(c.elemtype, cas.elem, casePC(casi), chansendpc)
} else if cas.elem != nil {
raceWriteObjectPC(c.elemtype, cas.elem, casePC(casi), chanrecvpc)
}
}
if msanenabled {
if casi < nsends {
msanread(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
} else if cas.elem != nil {
msanwrite(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
}
}
if asanenabled {
if casi < nsends {
asanread(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
} else if cas.elem != nil {
asanwrite(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
}
}
selunlock(scases, lockorder)
goto retc
bufrecv:
// can receive from buffer
if raceenabled {
if cas.elem != nil {
raceWriteObjectPC(c.elemtype, cas.elem, casePC(casi), chanrecvpc)
}
racenotify(c, c.recvx, nil)
}
if msanenabled && cas.elem != nil {
msanwrite(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
}
if asanenabled && cas.elem != nil {
asanwrite(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
}
recvOK = true
qp = chanbuf(c, c.recvx)
if cas.elem != nil {
typedmemmove(c.elemtype, cas.elem, qp)
}
typedmemclr(c.elemtype, qp)
c.recvx++
if c.recvx == c.dataqsiz {
c.recvx = 0
}
c.qcount--
selunlock(scases, lockorder)
goto retc
bufsend:
// can send to buffer
if raceenabled {
racenotify(c, c.sendx, nil)
raceReadObjectPC(c.elemtype, cas.elem, casePC(casi), chansendpc)
}
if msanenabled {
msanread(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
}
if asanenabled {
asanread(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
}
typedmemmove(c.elemtype, chanbuf(c, c.sendx), cas.elem)
c.sendx++
if c.sendx == c.dataqsiz {
c.sendx = 0
}
c.qcount++
selunlock(scases, lockorder)
goto retc
recv:
// can receive from sleeping sender (sg)
recv(c, sg, cas.elem, func() { selunlock(scases, lockorder) }, 2)
if debugSelect {
print("syncrecv: cas0=", cas0, " c=", c, "\n")
}
recvOK = true
goto retc
rclose:
// read at end of closed channel
selunlock(scases, lockorder)
recvOK = false
if cas.elem != nil {
typedmemclr(c.elemtype, cas.elem)
}
if raceenabled {
raceacquire(c.raceaddr())
}
goto retc
send:
// can send to a sleeping receiver (sg)
if raceenabled {
raceReadObjectPC(c.elemtype, cas.elem, casePC(casi), chansendpc)
}
if msanenabled {
msanread(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
}
if asanenabled {
asanread(cas.elem, c.elemtype.size)
}
send(c, sg, cas.elem, func() { selunlock(scases, lockorder) }, 2)
if debugSelect {
print("syncsend: cas0=", cas0, " c=", c, "\n")
}
goto retc
retc:
if caseReleaseTime > 0 {
blockevent(caseReleaseTime-t0, 1)
}
return casi, recvOK
sclose:
// send on closed channel
selunlock(scases, lockorder)
panic(plainError("send on closed channel"))
}
select执行过程就是输入cases数组，输出选中的case索引，然后程序流程转到选中的case块。
如果cases为空，那么当前协程将会被永远forever挂起，让出执行权利。因为Golang自带死锁检测机制，当发现当前协程再也没有机会被唤醒时，则会panic。
func block() {
gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonSelectNoCases, traceEvGoStop, 1) // forever
}
也就是说，select{}的写法是会报错的，但是特殊情况
func main() {
go func() {
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
fmt.Println(i)
}
os.Exit(0)
}()
select{}
}
程序可以正常运行。
cas0为scase数组的首地址。
order0为一个两倍cas0数组长度的buffer，pollorder和lockorder
1、pollorder：每次selectgo执行都会把pollorder序列打乱，以达到随机检测case的目的。
2、lockorder：所有case语句中channel的地址来排序，构成一个简单的堆排序，也可以达到去重防止对channel加锁时重复加锁的目的，所以 sellock() 函数要带上 lockorder 参数。
函数返回值：
1、int：选中case的编号，这个case编号跟代码一致。
2、bool：如果是读操作，则表示是否成功从channle中读取了数据。
大致原理：
从语法层面，将所有的case存到一个数组中，然后抽象出两个轻量级的数组pollorder和lockorder，用来遍历，然后就是判断读操作是否能读（缓冲队列是否有值，sendq是否有sudog），判断写操作是否可写（缓冲队列是否有值，recvq是否有sudog），如果都没有，那就将当前G加入到所有通道的sendq或者recvq；然后gopack挂起，直到被唤醒了，则说明，有一条case被激活了，然后去找到是哪条case，返回对于的ID。
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