Objective-C Runtime 运行时：成员变量(ivars)及属性

获取类的成员变量和属性：

（这里有篇文章写得很详细关于Runtime 运行时：http://www.cocoachina.com/ios/20141031/10105.html）

在objc_class中，所有的成员变量、属性的信息是放在链表ivars中的。ivars是一个数组，数组中每个元素是指向Ivar(变量信息)的指针。runtime提供了丰富的函数来操作这一字段。大体上可以分为以下几类：

1.成员变量操作函数，主要包含以下函数：

// 获取类中指定名称实例成员变量的信息
Ivar class_getInstanceVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );
 
// 获取类成员变量的信息
Ivar class_getClassVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );
 
// 添加成员变量
BOOL class_addIvar ( Class cls, const char *name, size_t size, uint8_t alignment, const char *types );
 
// 获取整个成员变量列表
Ivar * class_copyIvarList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount );

class_getInstanceVariable函数，它返回一个指向包含name指定的成员变量信息的objc_ivar结构体的指针(Ivar)。

class_getClassVariable函数，目前没有找到关于Objective-C中类变量的信息，一般认为Objective-C不支持类变量。注意，返回的列表不包含父类的成员变量和属性。

Objective-C不支持往已存在的类中添加实例变量，因此不管是系统库提供的提供的类，还是我们自定义的类，都无法动态添加成员变量。但如果我们通过运行时来创建一个类的话，又应该如何给它添加成员变量呢？这时我们就可以使用class_addIvar函数了。不过需要注意的是，这个方法只能在objc_allocateClassPair函数与objc_registerClassPair之间调用。另外，这个类也不能是元类。成员变量的按字节最小对齐量是1<

class_copyIvarList函数，它返回一个指向成员变量信息的数组，数组中每个元素是指向该成员变量信息的objc_ivar结构体的指针。这个数组不包含在父类中声明的变量。outCount指针返回数组的大小。需要注意的是，我们必须使用free()来释放这个数组。

2.属性操作函数，主要包含以下函数：

// 获取指定的属性
objc_property_t class_getProperty ( Class cls, const char *name );
 
// 获取属性列表
objc_property_t * class_copyPropertyList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount );
 
// 为类添加属性
BOOL class_addProperty ( Class cls, const char *name, const objc_property_attribute_t *attributes, unsigned int attributeCount );
 
// 替换类的属性
void class_replaceProperty ( Class cls, const char *name, const objc_property_attribute_t *attributes, unsigned int attributeCount );

这一种方法也是针对ivars来操作，不过只操作那些是属性的值。我们在后面介绍属性时会再遇到这些函数。

实例：

//-----------------------------------------------------------
// MyClass.h
 
@interface MyClass : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray *array;
 
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *string;
 
- (void)method1;
 
- (void)method2;
 
+ (void)classMethod1;
 
@end
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------
// MyClass.m
 
#import "MyClass.h"
 
@interface MyClass () {
    NSInteger       _instance1;
 
    NSString    *   _instance2;
}
 
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSUInteger integer;
 
- (void)method3WithArg1:(NSInteger)arg1 arg2:(NSString *)arg2;
 
@end
 
@implementation MyClass
 
+ (void)classMethod1 {
 
}
 
- (void)method1 {
    NSLog(@"call method method1");
}
 
- (void)method2 {
 
}
 
- (void)method3WithArg1:(NSInteger)arg1 arg2:(NSString *)arg2 {
 
    NSLog(@"arg1 : %ld, arg2 : %@", arg1, arg2);
}
 
@end

MyClass *myClass = [[MyClass alloc] init];
        unsigned int outCount = 0;
 
        Class cls = myClass.class;
 
        // 类名
        NSLog(@"class name: %s", class_getName(cls));
 
        NSLog(@"==========================================================");
 
        // 父类
        NSLog(@"super class name: %s", class_getName(class_getSuperclass(cls)));
        NSLog(@"==========================================================");
 
        // 是否是元类
        NSLog(@"MyClass is %@ a meta-class", (class_isMetaClass(cls) ? @"" : @"not"));
        NSLog(@"==========================================================");
 
        Class meta_class = objc_getMetaClass(class_getName(cls));
        NSLog(@"%s's meta-class is %s", class_getName(cls), class_getName(meta_class));
        NSLog(@"==========================================================");
 
        // 变量实例大小
        NSLog(@"instance size: %zu", class_getInstanceSize(cls));
        NSLog(@"==========================================================");
 
        // 成员变量
        Ivar *ivars = class_copyIvarList(cls, &outCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
            Ivar ivar = ivars[i];
            NSLog(@"instance variable's name: %s at index: %d", ivar_getName(ivar), i);
        }
 
        free(ivars);
 
        Ivar string = class_getInstanceVariable(cls, "_string");
        if (string != NULL) {
            NSLog(@"instace variable %s", ivar_getName(string));
        }
 
        NSLog(@"==========================================================");
 
        // 属性操作
        objc_property_t * properties = class_copyPropertyList(cls, &outCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
            objc_property_t property = properties[i];
            NSLog(@"property's name: %s", property_getName(property));
        }
 
        free(properties);
 
        objc_property_t array = class_getProperty(cls, "array");
        if (array != NULL) {
            NSLog(@"property %s", property_getName(array));
        }
 
        NSLog(@"==========================================================");
 
        // 方法操作
        Method *methods = class_copyMethodList(cls, &outCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
            Method method = methods[i];
            NSLog(@"method's signature: %s", method_getName(method));
        }
 
        free(methods);
 
        Method method1 = class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(method1));
        if (method1 != NULL) {
            NSLog(@"method %s", method_getName(method1));
        }
 
        Method classMethod = class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(classMethod1));
        if (classMethod != NULL) {
            NSLog(@"class method : %s", method_getName(classMethod));
        }
 
        NSLog(@"MyClass is%@ responsd to selector: method3WithArg1:arg2:", class_respondsToSelector(cls, @selector(method3WithArg1:arg2:)) ? @"" : @" not");
 
        IMP imp = class_getMethodImplementation(cls, @selector(method1));
        imp();
 
        NSLog(@"==========================================================");
 
        // 协议
        Protocol * __unsafe_unretained * protocols = class_copyProtocolList(cls, &outCount);
        Protocol * protocol;
        for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
            protocol = protocols[i];
            NSLog(@"protocol name: %s", protocol_getName(protocol));
        }
 
        NSLog(@"MyClass is%@ responsed to protocol %s", class_conformsToProtocol(cls, protocol) ? @"" : @" not", protocol_getName(protocol));
 
        NSLog(@"==========================================================");

这段程序的输出如下：

2014-10-22 19:41:37.452 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] class name: MyClass
2014-10-22 19:41:37.453 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] super class name: NSObject
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass is not a meta-class
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass's meta-class is MyClass
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance size: 48
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _instance1 at index: 0
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _instance2 at index: 1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _array at index: 2
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _string at index: 3
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _integer at index: 4
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instace variable _string
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property's name: array
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property's name: string
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property's name: integer
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property array
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: method1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: method2
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: method3WithArg1:arg2:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: integer
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: setInteger:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: array
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: string
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: setString:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: setArray:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: .cxx_destruct
2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method method1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] class method : classMethod1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass is responsd to selector: method3WithArg1:arg2:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] call method method1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] protocol name: NSCopying
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] protocol name: NSCoding
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass is responsed to protocol NSCoding
2014-10-22 19:41:37.468 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================