string类的简单实现

 

设计目的：

1、学会编写一个类，掌握类的基本要素

2、体现封装性

3、添加CString所不支持的功能

4、兼容Cstring

 

主要难点：

1、实际存放形式

2、内存扩展问题

3、操作符重载

4、如何兼容const char* 和Cstring？

 

基本原理：

 

通过设置断点，单步跟踪，我对STL的string类进行了一定的研究。STL的string类里主要有4个成员变量：mres, msize, ptr, buf。

对string类求sizeof，得到结果正巧为32，即这四个变量占用的内存空间。

buf是用来处理长度小于16的字符串的char数组，在stack中开辟空间，所以访问较快。

当字符串长度大于16位，就需要在heap中申请空间，并用ptr指向该空间。

msize表示当前string的长度（不含/0）

mres表示当前string最大可支持的长度，若大于该长度则需要重新申请空间。

 

我的设计基本思想与stl中string的设计相同，但是我去掉了buf，降低程序的复杂性。

我在堆中申请空间，并用ptr指向当前字符串的实际位置。在每次申请空间时，会额外申请bufsize大小的空间，用来加速短字符串的连接。

 

大部分的成员函数都有string和cstring两个重载版本。

 

功能实现：

1、构造函数（默认构造函数，支持CString的构造函数，复制构造函数）、析构函数

2、赋值函数assign，=

3、连接函数append, +=，+

4、获取第i位的字符[], at

5、获得C风格字符串 cstr

6、查找字符find

7、获取子串substr

8、字符串比较compare, <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=

9、字符串输入输出<<, >>

10、获取字符串长度length

11、判断字符串是否为空empty

#ifndef MYSTRING_H #define MYSTRING_H #include <iostream> #include <assert.h> using namespace std; const int DEFAULT_BUF=16; //default bufsize class myString { public: typedef unsigned int size_type; // the length and position information of a string is represented by size_type // Construcor myString():Ptr(NULL),size(0),resize(0),bufsize(DEFAULT_BUF) {} // Default Construtor myString(const char* cstr); // Constructor for constant Cstring myString(const myString& str); // Copy Constructor // Destructor ~myString(); // Assignment function myString& operator = (const myString& str); // assignment for myString with = myString& operator = (const char* cstr); // assignment for Cstring with = myString& assign (const myString& str); // assignment for myString // Append function myString& append (const myString& str); myString& append (const char* cstr); myString& operator += (const myString& str); myString& operator += (const char* cstr); // Get the idx character of the string char& at(size_type idx) const; char& operator[](size_type idx); //Get C-like String inline char* c_str() const {return Ptr;}; // Find str current str, return its first appearance position, -1 for not-exist size_type find (const myString& str) const; // Fetch substring myString substr(size_type idx, size_type len) const; // Get the length of current string inline size_type length() const {return size;} // Whether the string is empty inline bool empty() const {return size==0;} // Compare between two strings int compare(const myString& str) const; friend bool operator < (const myString& str1, const myString& str2); friend bool operator > (const myString& str1, const myString& str2); friend bool operator <= (const myString& str1, const myString& str2); friend bool operator >= (const myString& str1, const myString& str2); friend bool operator == (const myString& str1, const myString& str2); friend bool operator != (const myString& str1, const myString& str2); // Add two strings friend myString operator + (const myString& str1, const myString& str2); // IO support for string class friend ostream& operator << (ostream& os, const myString& str); friend istream& operator>>(istream& in, myString& str); private: char* Ptr; // pointer to actual storage size_type size; // the real length of the string size_type resize; // the maximum capacity of the string size_type bufsize;// how many addtional space to allocate }; #endif 

#include "myString.h" #include <iostream> using namespace std; /// // Constructor & Destructor myString::myString(const char* cstr):bufsize(DEFAULT_BUF) { unsigned int csize=strlen(cstr); if (csize!=0) { char* tmp=new char[csize+bufsize]; // Allocate memory to hold the string char *p=tmp; while (*(p++)=*(cstr++)) // Copy whole Cstring into mystring ; Ptr=tmp; size=csize; resize=csize+bufsize; } } myString::myString(const myString& str):bufsize(DEFAULT_BUF) { *this=str; // Copy constructor with operator = overloaded } myString::~myString() { if (size!=0) // Release memory delete [] Ptr; } // Assignment function myString& myString::operator = (const char* cstr) // Overload '=' for cstring { unsigned int csize=strlen(cstr); if (csize!=0) { char* tmp=new char[csize+bufsize]; char *p=tmp; while (*(p++)=*(cstr++)) ; Ptr=tmp; size=csize; resize=csize+bufsize; } return *this; } myString& myString::operator = (const myString& str) // Overload '=' for string { if (this!=&str) { size=str.size; bufsize=str.bufsize; resize=str.resize; Ptr=new char[resize]; memcpy(Ptr,str.Ptr,resize); } return *this; } myString& myString::assign (const myString& str) // another assignment function without operator reloaded { *this=str; return *this; } // Append Funtion myString& myString::operator += (const myString& str) // Overload += { this->append(str); return *this; } myString& myString::operator += (const char* cstr) { this->append(cstr); return *this; } myString& myString::append (const myString& str) // Append str to current string { if (size+str.size>=resize) // If max capacity can't hold the whole string, reallocate memory { char* tmp=new char[size+str.size+bufsize]; memcpy(tmp,Ptr,size); memcpy(tmp+size,str.Ptr,str.size); tmp[size+str.size]='/0'; delete [] Ptr; Ptr=tmp; size=size+str.size; resize=size+str.size+bufsize; } else // If max capacity can hold, just add it at the end { memcpy(Ptr+size,str.Ptr,str.size); Ptr[size+str.size]='/0'; size=size+str.size; } return *this; } myString& myString::append (const char* cstr) { unsigned int csize=strlen(cstr); if (size+csize>=resize) { char* tmp=new char[size+csize+bufsize]; memcpy(tmp,Ptr,size); memcpy(tmp+size,cstr,csize); tmp[size+csize]='/0'; delete [] Ptr; Ptr=tmp; size=size+csize; resize=size+csize+bufsize; } else { memcpy(Ptr+size,cstr,csize); Ptr[size+csize]='/0'; size=size+csize; } return *this; } myString operator + (const myString& str1, const myString& str2) { myString s(str1); s.append(str2); return s; } /// // String Compare bool operator == (const myString& str1, const myString& str2) { return strcmp(str1.Ptr,str2.Ptr)==0; } bool operator != (const myString& str1, const myString& str2) { return strcmp(str1.Ptr,str2.Ptr)!=0; } bool operator < (const myString& str1, const myString& str2) { return str1.compare(str2)<0; } bool operator > (const myString& str1, const myString& str2) { return str1.compare(str2)>0; } bool operator <= (const myString& str1, const myString& str2) { return str1.compare(str2)<=0; } bool operator >= (const myString& str1, const myString& str2) { return str1.compare(str2)>=0; } int myString::compare(const myString& str) const { char *p=Ptr,*q=str.Ptr; while (*p && *q && *p++==*q++) ; if (*p=='/0' && *q=='/0') return 0; else return *p>*q?1:-1; } // // IO support istream& operator>>(istream& in, myString& str) { const unsigned int MAXSIZE=120; char *tmp=new char[MAXSIZE]; in>>tmp; str=tmp; return in; delete [] tmp; } ostream& operator << (ostream& os, const myString& str) { if (!str.empty()) os<<str.Ptr; return os; } // // Get the idx character char& myString::at(size_type idx) const { assert(idx<size); // if idx is out of range, call assertion return Ptr[idx]; } char& myString::operator[](size_type idx) { return Ptr[idx]; // without assertion } /// // find substr myString::size_type myString::find (const myString& str) const { char *p=Ptr,*q=str.Ptr; while (*p!='/0') { if (*q=='/0') return p-Ptr-str.size; // the substr exist, return its first place if (*p!=*q) { q=str.Ptr; p++; continue; } p++;q++; } if (*q=='/0') return p-Ptr-str.size; else return -1; // do not exists } // Fetch substr myString myString::substr(size_type idx, size_type len) const { myString s; char *tmp=new char[len+1]; memcpy(tmp,idx+Ptr,len); tmp[len]='/0'; s=tmp; return s; } 

#include <iostream> #include "myString.h" using namespace std; int main() { myString s; // Test default constructor myString s1("abcd"); // Test cstring constructor myString s2(s1); // Test copy constructor cout<<"Test for constructor:"<<endl; cout<<"S:"<<s<<endl; cout<<"S1:"<<s1<<endl; cout<<"S2:"<<s2<<endl; // Test output cout<<"Please Input string S"<<endl; cin>>s; // Test input s2=s+s1; s+=s1; s1=s1+"efgh"; cout<<"New S2:"<<s2<<endl<<"New S:"<<s<<endl<<"New S1:"<<s1<<endl; // Test append // Test for comparison cout<<"Test for comparison"<<endl; if (s.compare(s1)>0) cout<<"s>s1"<<endl; else if (s.compare(s1)<0) cout<<"s<s1"<<endl; else cout<<"s==s1"<<endl; // Test for C-style String cout<<"Test for C-style String"<<endl; char *p; p=s1.c_str(); cout<<p<<endl; // Test for get i-th char cout<<"Test for get i-th char"<<endl; cout<<s1[2]<<' '<<s1.at(3)<<endl; // Test for substr cout<<"Test for substr"<<endl; cout<<s1.substr(2,2)<<endl; // Test for size cout<<"Test for size"<<endl; cout<<s1.length()<<endl; // Test for find substr cout<<"Test for find substr"<<endl; myString s1sub=s1.substr(2,2); cout<<s1.find(s1sub)<<endl; }